Biocatalysts for the preparation of hydroxy substituted carbamates

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to engineered ketoreductase polypeptides for the preparation of hydroxyl substituted carbamate compounds, and polynucleotides, vectors, host cells, and methods of making and using the ketoreductase polypeptides.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a national stage application filed under 35USC §371 and claims priority to international applicationPCT/US2012/065046, filed Nov. 14, 2012, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/561,665, filed Nov. 18, 2011. The presentapplication hereby incorporates both of these priority applications byreference, in their entireties and for all purposes.

1. TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to biocatalyst-mediated processes forproducing chiral compounds and biocatalysts used in the processes.

2. REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, TABLE OR COMPUTER PROGRAM

The official copy of the Sequence Listing is submitted concurrently withthe specification as an ASCII formatted text file via EFS-Web, with afile name of “CX2-103WO1_ST25.txt”, a creation date of Nov. 13, 2012,and a size of 290,640 bytes. The Sequence Listing has only minorformatting changes relative to the Sequence Listing with file name“CX2-103USP1_ST25.txt” that was filed with the parent U.S. provisionalapplication 61/561,665 on Nov. 18, 2011. The Sequence Listing filed viaEFS-Web is part of the specification and is hereby incorporated in itsentirety by reference herein.

3. BACKGROUND

The β-adrenergic receptors are members of the super-family of Gprotein-coupled receptors and mediate responses to external ligands,particularly epinephrine and norepinephrine, by coupling the stimulationof G_(αs) to the activation of adenylyl cyclase, resulting in increasedintracellular second messenger cAMP. Three subtypes of β-adrenergicreceptors are known. The β₁-receptor is expressed primarily in theheart, coronary artery, kidney, muscle, and central nervous system andaffects cardiac stimulation, coronary vasodilation and relaxation of thecolon and esophagus. Polymorphisms in the β₁-receptor are associatedwith several forms of hypertension and heart failure and effects onresting heart rate. The β₂-adrenergic receptor is found in the lungs,gastrointestinal tract, liver, uterus, vascular smooth muscle, heart andskeletal muscle, where it regulates, in part, smooth muscle relaxation(e.g., bronchodilation). The β₃-adrenergic receptor is expressedprimarily in adipose tissue (brown and white), urinary bladder,gallbladder, colon and heart.

There is differential, species specific expression of the variousadrenergic receptor subtypes, suggesting the role of different subtypesin the same tissue of different species. In humans, theβ₃-adrenoreceptor is expressed in the urinary bladder detrusor, and theβ₃-adrenergic receptor mRNA is the predominant mRNA in patientsundergoing radical cystectomy. Moreover, β₁ and β₂ selective agonistshave no effect on detrusor function while β₃-selective agonists produceconcentration-dependent relaxation (Igawa Y. et al., 1999, Br J.Pharmacol. 126:819-25). These observations have led to the developmentof β₃-adrenoreceptor agonists for treatment of various forms ofoveractive bladder syndromes (see, e.g., Igawa Y. et al., 2010, KoreanJ. Urol. 51:811-818). β₃-adrenoreceptor specific agonists based onhydroxymethylpyrrolidines are described in WO2009124167 and WO2009124166. Synthesis of the hydroxy pyrrolidine drug can useintermediates having the structures (a) and (b), where Ar represents anaryl group and R¹⁰ and R¹¹ represent protecting groups.

The intermediate (a) exists as cis and trans isomers that must beseparated and purified to obtain chiral intermediates for synthesis ofthe final drug product. The synthetic route for obtaining intermediate(b) uses the starting compound 5-hexynoic acid and reaction with either(S)-(−)-4-benzyl or (s)-(−)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone to set thechirality of the hydroxyl group and the left side of the pyrrolidinegroup (see, e.g., WO2009124167 and WO 2009124166, incorporated herein byreference).

In view of the need for separation of chiral intermediates or use ofchiral specific agents for synthesis of β₃-adrenoreceptor agonists, itis desirable to find alternative synthetic routes, particularlyprocesses that result in high diastereomeric excess of specificstereoisomers of interest, provide efficient conversion of startingmaterial to desired product, use mild conditions, and avoids use ofchiral specific chemical agents.

4. SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides non-naturally occurring, engineeredpolypeptides having ketoreductase activity, polynucleotides encoding thepolypeptides, methods of making the polypeptides and methods of usingthe polypeptides for the conversion of substrate compound (2),tert-butyl(1-oxo-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate, or structural analogsthereof, to product compound (1),tert-butyl(1-hydroxy-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate, or correspondingstructural analogs, as shown in Scheme 1.

The engineered ketoreductase polypeptides developed for improvedproperties in the conversion of Scheme 1 have one or more residuedifferences as compared to the naturally occurring ketoreductasepolypeptide from Lactobacillus kefir having amino acid sequence of SEQID NO:2, or the reference engineered ketoreductase having amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:4. These residue differences occur at residuepositions affecting, among others, activity, stereoselectivity,substrate binding, stability (thermal and solvent), expression, andvarious combinations thereof.

In one aspect, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide comprises anamino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to a referencesequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22,24, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60,62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 96, 98, 102,104, 106, 108, 110, 114, 116, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 136, 138,140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 168,170 and 172 and one or more residue differences as compared to SEQ IDNO:2 or 4 selected from X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X40R;X60I; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G;X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L; X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y;X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X206F;X206L; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I; X249F; X249G; and X249Y. Asprovided herein, in some embodiments, the disclosed amino aciddifferences can be used singly or in various combinations to generatethe engineered ketoreductase polypeptides having the improved enzymeproperties.

In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide comprises an aminoacid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4 andthe features X40R and X206L or F, with the proviso that when X206 is F,the sequence further comprises one or more residue differences ascompared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V;X27L; X29G; X60I; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y;X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L; X147I; X147L; X147Q;X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H;X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I; X249F; X249G; and X249Y.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase comprises an aminoacid sequence having the features X40R and X206F or L and at least oneor more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from:X17Q/R/M; X64V; X94P; X144V; X147Q/I/L; X157C; and X196M.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide withimproved properties in the conversion of substrate compound (2) toproduct compound (1) comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38,40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74,76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 96, 98, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 114, 116,122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150,152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 168, 170 and 172, and in particularan amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28,30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74,76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108,110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136,138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164,166, 168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide is capableof forming product compounds (1a) and (1c)

in diastereomeric excess of compounds (1b) and (1d) under suitablereaction conditions.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide is capableof forming product compound (1a) in diastereomeric excess of compound(1c) under suitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide capable offorming product compounds (1a) and (1c) in diastereomeric excess ofcompounds (1b) and (1d), or capable of forming product compound (1a) indiastereomeric excess of compound (1c), comprises an amino acid sequencehaving the features X40R and 206F or L, and at least one or more residuedifferences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X17Q; X64V; X71P;X87L; X147I; X157C; X196M; and X249F.

Exemplary polypeptides displaying the relevant stereoselectivity can beselected from SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40,42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88,90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118,120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146,148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase is capable of formingcompounds (1b) and (1d) in diastereomeric excess of compounds (1a) and(1c) under suitable reaction conditions. In some embodiments, theengineered ketoreductase capable of forming compounds (1b) and (1d) indiastereomeric excess of compounds (1a) and (1c) comprises an amino acidsequence having the feature X195G. Exemplary polypeptides displayingthis stereoselectivity can be selected from the polypeptides of SEQ IDNO: 50 and 74.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides areimmobilized on a solid support. In some embodiments, the solid supportis a bead or resin comprising polymethacrylate with epoxide functionalgroups, polymethacrylate with amino epoxide functional groups,styrene/DVB copolymer or polymethacrylate with octadecyl functionalgroups.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides polynucleotidesencoding the engineered ketoreductases, as well as expression vectorscomprising the polynucleotides, and host cells capable of expressing thepolynucleotides encoding the polypeptides. In some embodiments, thepresent disclosure also provides methods of manufacturing the engineeredketoreductase polypeptides. Exemplary polynucleotide sequences encodingthe engineered ketoreductases include the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 5, 7,9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43,45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79,81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111,113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139,141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167,169 and 171, in particular the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23,25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69,71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103,105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131,133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159,161, 163, 165, 167, 169 and 171.

In another aspect, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides can be usedin a process for the preparation of hydroxyl compounds of formula (I)useful for synthesis of drug compounds. Accordingly, in someembodiments, the engineered ketoreductases can be used in the conversionof substrate compounds of formula (II) to product compounds of formula(I), as shown in Scheme 2

wherein

Ar is a 5 to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

each occurrence of R¹ is independently selected from halo, —COOR^(a),—C(O)R^(b), —OR^(c), —SO₂, —SR^(d), —S(O)R^(e), —NR^(f)R^(g),—C(O)NR^(h)R^(i), —NO₂, —CN, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, wherein R^(a), R^(b), R^(c),R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), R^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) are independently selectedfrom H and an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl;

R² is selected from an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl,cycloalkylalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl,heterocycloalkylalkenyl, heterocycloalkylalkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl,arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl,heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, andarylsulfinyl;

R³ and R⁴ are, independently of the other, selected from H, anoptionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, arylalkyloxycarbonyl,heteroarylalkyloxycarbonyl, and a protecting group, or one of R³ and R⁴forms an optionally substituted 5 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring withR², and

m is 0 to 10.

Accordingly, a process for preparing the compound of formula (I) cancomprise contacting the compound of formula (II)

wherein

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and m are as defined above;

with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide described herein inpresence of cofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments of the process, the compound of formula (I)comprises the compound of formula (Ib)

-   -   wherein        -   R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰, are each independently selected            from H, halo, —COOR^(a), —C(O)R^(b), —OR^(c), —SO₂, —SR^(d),            —S(O)R^(e), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(h)R^(i), —NO₂, —CN,            alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,            heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl,            heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, wherein R^(a), R^(b), R^(c),            R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), R^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) are            independently selected from H and an optionally substituted            alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,            heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl,            heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl;        -   n is 1 to 4,        -   R¹¹ is selected from H and an optionally substituted alkyl,            heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl,            heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl; and        -   R¹² is selected from H, an optionally substituted alkyl,            cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,            heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl,            heteroarylalkyl and a protecting group.

The compound of formula (Ib) can be prepared by contacting the substratecompound of formula (IIb)

wherein

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and n are as defined above,

with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide of the disclosure inpresence of cofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments, the product compound of formula (Ib) comprises thecompounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3), and the process forms the productcompounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) in diastereomeric excess ofcompounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4)

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing productcompounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) in diastereomeric excess ofcompounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4) comprises contacting the substratecompound of formula (IIb) with an engineered ketoreductase havingdiastereoselectivity for compounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) overcompounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4).

In some embodiments, the product compound of formula (Ib) comprises thecompound of formula (Ib1), and the process forms the product compound offormula (Ib1) in diastereomeric excess of the compound of formula (Ib3).Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing productcompound of formula (Ib1) in diastereomeric excess of compounds offormula (Ib3) comprises contacting the substrate compound of formula(IIb) with an engineered ketoreductase having diastereoselectivity forcompound of formula (Ib1) over compound of formula (Ib3).

Exemplary engineered ketoreductase polypeptides havingdiastereoselectivity for compounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) overcompounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4) or diastereoselectivity forcompound of formula (Ib1) over compound of formula (Ib3) can comprise anamino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30,32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 76, 78,80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110,112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138,140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166,168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments, the product compound of formula (Ib) comprises thecompounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4), and the process forms the productcompounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4) in diastereomeric excess ofcompounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3). In some embodiments, the processfor preparing product compounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4) indiastereomeric excess of compounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) comprisescontacting the substrate compound of formula (IIb) with an engineeredketoreductase having diastereoselectivity for compounds of formula (Ib2)and (Ib4) over compounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3).

Exemplary engineered ketoreductase polypeptides havingdiastereoselectivity for compounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4) overcompounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) can comprise an amino acid sequenceselected from SEQ ID NO: 50 and 74.

In some embodiments, the processes for preparing compounds of formula(Ib1) and (Ib3) in diastereomeric excess of compounds of formula (Ib2)and (Ib4), the compound of formula (Ib1) in diastereomeric excess ofcompound of formula (Ib3), and the compounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4)in diastereomeric excess of the compounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) canbe carried out under suitable reaction conditions that promoteequilibration between the substrate compounds of formula (IIb1) and(IIb2)

The equilibration between substrate compounds (IIb1) and (IIb2) duringthe conversion to product can—by dynamic kinetic resolution—increase theyield of product compound beyond the initial concentration of compoundsof formula (IIb1) and (IIb2) present in the reaction solution.

In some embodiments of the processes herein using the substrate compoundof formula (IIb), n is selected from 2, 3 or 4. In some embodiments, nis 2. In some embodiments, n is 2 and R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are H.

Parameters for carrying out the biocatalytic processes, including amongothers substrate compound loading, enzyme loading, cofactor loading,solvent conditions (e.g., buffer, isopropyl alcohol, etc.), pH andtemperature are further described in the detailed description below.

In some embodiments, a suitable reaction conditions can comprise: (a)engineered ketoreductase polypeptide concentration of about 1 g/L toabout 10 g/L; (b) substrate compound at a loading concentration of about50 g/L to about 200/g/L; (c) NADP(H) concentration of about 0.1 g/L toabout 0.5 g/L; (d) a co-solvent solution of an aqueous buffer and about30% to about 70% (v/v) of IPA; and (e) a temperature of 35° C. to about60° C. In some embodiments, a suitable reaction conditions can comprise:(a) engineered ketoreductase polypeptide concentration of about 0.1 g/Lto about 1 g/L; (b) substrate compound at a loading concentration ofabout 5 g/L to about 50 g/L; (c) NADP(H) concentration of about 0.01 g/Lto about 0.1 g/L; (d) a co-solvent solution of an aqueous buffer, andabout 30% to about 70% (v/v) of IPA; and (e) a temperature of about 30°C. to about 45° C.

In some embodiments, the reaction conditions for equilibration ofsubstrate compounds of formula (IIb1) and (IIb2) for dynamic kineticresolution can comprise a pH of about 9 to about 12 and a temperature ofabout 45° C. to about 60° C.

Various embodiments as well as guidance on making and using theengineered polypeptides, the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptidesand the processes for biocatalytic conversion are provided in thefollowing detailed description.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For the descriptions herein and the appended claims, the singular forms“a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlyindicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a polypeptide”includes more than one polypeptide, and reference to “a compound” refersto more than one compound.

It is to be further understood that where descriptions of variousembodiments use the term “comprising,” those skilled in the art wouldunderstand that in some specific instances, an embodiment can bealternatively described using language “consisting essentially of” or“consisting of.”

Also, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Similarly,“comprise,” “comprises,” “comprising” “include,” “includes,”“including,” “has,” “have,” and “having” are interchangeable and notintended to be limiting.

The foregoing general description and the detailed description areexemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of thisdisclosure.

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes onlyand not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

5.1. Abbreviations

The abbreviations used for the genetically encoded amino acids areconventional and are as follows:

Amino Acid Three-Letter Abbreviation One-Letter Abbreviation Alanine AlaA Arginine Arg R Asparagine Asn N Aspartate Asp D Cysteine Cys CGlutamate Glu E Glutamine Gln Q Glycine Gly G Histidine His H IsoleucineIle I Leucine Leu L Lysine Lys K Methionine Met M Phenylalanine Phe FProline Pro P Serine Ser S Threonine Thr T Tryptophan Trp W Tyrosine TyrY Valine Val V

When the three-letter abbreviations are used, unless specificallypreceded by an “L” or a “D” or clear from the context in which theabbreviation is used, the amino acid may be in either the L- orD-configuration about α-carbon (Cα). For example, whereas “Ala”designates alanine without specifying the configuration about theα-carbon, “D-Ala” and “L-Ala” designate D-alanine and L-alanine,respectively. When the one-letter abbreviations are used, upper caseletters designate amino acids in the L-configuration about the α-carbonand lower case letters designate amino acids in the D-configurationabout the α-carbon. For example, “A” designates L-alanine and “a”designates D-alanine. When polypeptide sequences are presented as astring of one-letter or three-letter abbreviations (or mixturesthereof), the sequences are presented in the amino (N) to carboxy (C)direction in accordance with common convention.

The abbreviations used for the genetically encoding nucleosides areconventional and are as follows: adenosine (A); guanosine (G); cytidine(C); thymidine (T); and uridine (U). Unless specifically delineated, theabbreviated nucleotides may be either ribonucleosides or2′-deoxyribonucleosides. The nucleosides may be specified as beingeither ribonucleosides or 2′-deoxyribonucleosides on an individual basisor on an aggregate basis. When nucleic acid sequences are presented as astring of one-letter abbreviations, the sequences are presented in the5′ to 3′ direction in accordance with common convention, and thephosphates are not indicated.

5.2. Definitions

In reference to the present disclosure, the technical and scientificterms used in the descriptions herein will have the meanings commonlyunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art, unless specificallydefined otherwise. Accordingly, the following terms are intended to havethe following meanings.

“Protein,” “polypeptide,” and “peptide” are used interchangeably hereinto denote a polymer of at least two amino acids covalently linked by anamide bond, regardless of length or post-translational modification(e.g., glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, myristilation,ubiquitination, etc.). Included within this definition are D- andL-amino acids, and mixtures of D- and L-amino acids.

“Polynucleotide” or “nucleic acid” refers to two or more nucleosidesthat are covalently linked together. The polynucleotide may be whollycomprised ribonucleosides (i.e., an RNA), wholly comprised of 2′deoxyribonucleotides (i.e., a DNA) or mixtures of ribo- and 2′deoxyribonucleosides. While the nucleosides will typically be linkedtogether via standard phosphodiester linkages, the polynucleotides mayinclude one or more non-standard linkages. The polynucleotide may besingle-stranded or double-stranded, or may include both single-strandedregions and double-stranded regions. Moreover, while a polynucleotidewill typically be composed of the naturally occurring encodingnucleobases (i.e., adenine, guanine, uracil, thymine, and cytosine), itmay include one or more modified and/or synthetic nucleobases, such as,for example, inosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, etc. Preferably, suchmodified or synthetic nucleobases will be encoding nucleobases.

“Coding sequence” refers to that portion of a nucleic acid (e.g., agene) that encodes an amino acid sequence of a protein.

“Naturally occurring” or “wild-type” refers to the form found in nature.For example, a naturally occurring or wild-type polypeptide orpolynucleotide sequence is a sequence present in an organism that can beisolated from a source in nature and which has not been intentionallymodified by human manipulation.

“Non-naturally occurring” or “engineered” or “recombinant” when used inthe present disclosure with reference to, e.g., a cell, nucleic acid, orpolypeptide, refers to a material, or a material corresponding to thenatural or native form of the material, that has been modified in amanner that would not otherwise exist in nature, or is identical theretobut produced or derived from synthetic materials and/or by manipulationusing recombinant techniques. Non-limiting examples include, amongothers, recombinant cells expressing genes that are not found within thenative (non-recombinant) form of the cell or express native genes thatare otherwise expressed at a different level.

“Percentage of sequence identity,” “percent identity,” and “percentidentical” are used herein to refer to comparisons betweenpolynucleotide sequences or polypeptide sequences, and are determined bycomparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window,wherein the portion of the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence in thecomparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) ascompared to the reference sequence for optimal alignment of the twosequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number ofpositions at which either the identical nucleic acid base or amino acidresidue occurs in both sequences or a nucleic acid base or amino acidresidue is aligned with a gap to yield the number of matched positions,dividing the number of matched positions by the total number ofpositions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100to yield the percentage of sequence identity. Determination of optimalalignment and percent sequence identity is performed using the BLAST andBLAST 2.0 algorithms (see e.g., Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol.215: 403-410 and Altschul et al., 1977, Nucleic Acids Res. 3389-3402).Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through theNational Center for Biotechnology Information website.

Briefly, the BLAST analyses involve first identifying high scoringsequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in thequery sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valuedthreshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in adatabase sequence. T is referred to as, the neighborhood word scorethreshold (Altschul et al, supra). These initial neighborhood word hitsact as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containingthem. The word hits are then extended in both directions along eachsequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased.Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, theparameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0)and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). For aminoacid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulativescore. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: thecumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximumachieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to theaccumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or theend of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T,and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTNprogram (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of11, an expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of bothstrands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults awordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoringmatrix (see Henikoff and Henikoff, 1989, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA89:10915).

Numerous other algorithms are available that function similarly to BLASTin providing percent identity for two sequences. Optimal alignment ofsequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homologyalgorithm of Smith and Waterman, 1981, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482, by thehomology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol.Biol. 48:443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman,1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444, by computerizedimplementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA inthe GCG Wisconsin Software Package), or by visual inspection (seegenerally, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel et al.,eds., Current Protocols, Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., (1995 Supplement) (Ausubel)). Additionally,determination of sequence alignment and percent sequence identity canemploy the BESTFIT or GAP programs in the GCG Wisconsin Software package(Accelrys, Madison Wis.), using default parameters provided.

“Reference sequence” refers to a defined sequence to which anothersequence is compared. A reference sequence may be a subset of a largersequence, for example, a segment of a full-length gene or polypeptidesequence. Generally, a reference sequence is at least 20 nucleotide oramino acid residues in length, at least 25 residues in length, at least50 residues in length, or the full length of the nucleic acid orpolypeptide. Since two polynucleotides or polypeptides may each (1)comprise a sequence (i.e., a portion of the complete sequence) that issimilar between the two sequences, and (2) may further comprise asequence that is divergent between the two sequences, sequencecomparisons between two (or more) polynucleotides or polypeptide aretypically performed by comparing sequences of the two polynucleotidesover a comparison window to identify and compare local regions ofsequence similarity. The term “reference sequence” is not intended to belimited to wild-type sequences, and can include engineered or alteredsequences. For example, in some embodiments, a “reference sequence” canbe a previously engineered or altered amino acid sequence.

“Comparison window” refers to a conceptual segment of at least about 20contiguous nucleotide positions or amino acids residues wherein asequence may be compared to a reference sequence of at least 20contiguous nucleotides or amino acids and wherein the portion of thesequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions(i.e., gaps) of 20 percent or less as compared to the reference sequence(which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignmentof the two sequences. The comparison window can be longer than 20contiguous residues, and includes, optionally 30, 40, 50, 100, or longerwindows.

“Corresponding to”, “reference to” or “relative to” when used in thecontext of the numbering of a given amino acid or polynucleotidesequence refers to the numbering of the residues of a specifiedreference sequence when the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequenceis compared to the reference sequence. In other words, the residuenumber or residue position of a given polymer is designated with respectto the reference sequence rather than by the actual numerical positionof the residue within the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence.For example, a given amino acid sequence, such as that of an engineeredketoreductase, can be aligned to a reference sequence by introducinggaps to optimize residue matches between the two sequences. In thesecases, although the gaps are present, the numbering of the residue inthe given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence is made with respect tothe reference sequence to which it has been aligned. As used herein, areference to a residue position, such as “Xn” as further describedbelow, is to be construed as referring to “a residue corresponding to”,unless specifically denoted otherwise.

“Stereoselectivity” refers to the preferential formation in a chemicalor enzymatic reaction of one stereoisomer over another stereoisomer oranother set of stereoisomers. Stereoselectivity can be partial, wherethe formation of a stereoisomer is favored over another, or it may becomplete where only one stereoisomer is formed. When the stereoisomersare enantiomers, the stereoselectivity is referred to asenantioselectivity, the fraction (typically reported as a percentage) ofone enantiomer in the sum of both enantiomers. It is commonlyalternatively reported in the art (typically as a percentage) as theenantiomeric excess (e.e.) calculated therefrom according to the formula[major enantiomer−minor enantiomer]/[major enantiomer+minor enantiomer].Where the stereoisomers are diastereoisomers, the stereoselectivity isreferred to as diastereoselectivity, the fraction (typically reported asa percentage) of one diastereomer in a mixture of two diastereomers,commonly alternatively reported as the diastereomeric excess (d.e.).Enantiomeric excess and diastereomeric excess are types of stereomericexcess. It is also to be understood that stereoselectivity is notlimited to single stereoisomers and can be described for sets ofstereoisomers, for example stereoselectivity for compounds (1a) and (1c)over compounds (1b) and (1d), as further described herein.

“Highly stereoselective” refers to a chemical or enzymatic reaction thatis capable of converting a substrate, e.g., compound (2), to itscorresponding chiral alcohol product, e.g., compounds (1a) and (1c),with at least about 85% stereomeric excess.

“Increased enzymatic activity” or “increased activity” refers to animproved property of an engineered enzyme, which can be represented byan increase in specific activity (e.g., product produced/time/weightprotein) or an increase in percent conversion of the substrate to theproduct (e.g., percent conversion of starting amount of substrate toproduct in a specified time period using a specified amount ofketoreductase) as compared to a reference enzyme. Exemplary methods todetermine enzyme activity are provided in the Examples. Any propertyrelating to enzyme activity may be affected, including the classicalenzyme properties of K_(m), V_(max) or k_(cat), changes of which canlead to increased enzymatic activity. The ketoreductase activity can bemeasured by any one of standard assays used for measuringketoreductases, such as change in substrate or product concentration, orchange in concentration of the cofactor (in absence of a cofactorregenerating system). Comparisons of enzyme activities are made using adefined preparation of enzyme, a defined assay under a set condition,and one or more defined substrates, as further described in detailherein. Generally, when enzymes in cell lysates are compared, thenumbers of cells and the amount of protein assayed are determined aswell as use of identical expression systems and identical host cells tominimize variations in amount of enzyme produced by the host cells andpresent in the lysates.

“Conversion” refers to the enzymatic transformation of a substrate tothe corresponding product. “Percent conversion” refers to the percent ofthe substrate that is converted to the product within a period of timeunder specified conditions. Thus, for example, the “enzymatic activity”or “activity” of a ketoreductase polypeptide can be expressed as“percent conversion” of the substrate to the product.

“Thermostable” or “thermal stable” are used interchangeably to refer toa polypeptide that is resistant to inactivation when exposed to a set oftemperature conditions (e.g., 40-80° C.) for a period of time (e.g.,0.5-24 hrs) compared to the untreated enzyme, thus retaining a certainlevel of residual activity (e.g., more than 60% to 80% for example)after exposure to elevated temperatures.

“Solvent stable” refers to the ability of a polypeptide to maintainsimilar activity (e.g., more than e.g., 60% to 80%) after exposure tovarying concentrations (e.g., 5-99%) of solvent (e.g., isopropylalcohol, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, acetone, toluene,butylacetate, methyl tert-butylether, etc.) for a period of time (e.g.,0.5-24 hrs) compared to the untreated enzyme.

“Amino acid difference” or “residue difference” refers to a differencein the amino acid residue at a position of a polypeptide sequencerelative to the amino acid residue at a corresponding position in areference sequence. The positions of amino acid differences generallyare referred to herein as “Xn,” where n refers to the correspondingposition in the reference sequence upon which the residue difference isbased. For example, a “residue difference at position X40 as compared toSEQ ID NO: 4” refers to a difference of the amino acid residue at thepolypeptide position corresponding to position 40 of SEQ ID NO:4. Thus,if the reference polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 has a histidine at position40, then a “residue difference at position X40 as compared to SEQ IDNO:4” refers to an amino acid substitution of any residue other thanhistidine at the position of the polypeptide corresponding to position40 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In most instances herein, the specific amino acidresidue difference at a position is indicated as “XnY” where “Xn”specified the corresponding position as described above, and “Y” is thesingle letter identifier of the amino acid found in the engineeredpolypeptide (i.e., the different residue than in the referencepolypeptide). In some instances (e.g., in Tables 2A, 2B, and 2C), thepresent disclosure also provides specific amino acid differences denotedby the conventional notation “AnB”, where A is the single letteridentifier of the residue in the reference sequence, “n” is the numberof the residue position in the reference sequence, and B is the singleletter identifier of the residue substitution in the sequence of theengineered polypeptide. In some instances, a polypeptide of the presentdisclosure can include one or more amino acid residue differencesrelative to a reference sequence, which is indicated by a list of thespecified positions where residue differences are present relative tothe reference sequence. In some embodiments, where more than one aminoacid can be used in a specific residue position of a polypeptide, thevarious amino acid residues that can be used are separated by a “/”(e.g., X192A/G). The present disclosure includes engineered polypeptidesequences comprising one or more amino acid differences that includeeither/or both conservative and non-conservative amino acidsubstitutions. The amino acid sequences of the specific recombinantcarbonic anhydrase polypeptides included in the Sequence Listing of thepresent disclosure include an initiating methionine (M) residue (i.e., Mrepresents residue position 1). The skilled artisan, however,understands that this initiating methionine residue can be removed bybiological processing machinery, such as in a host cell or in vitrotranslation system, to generate a mature protein lacking the initiatingmethionine residue, but otherwise retaining the enzyme's properties.Consequently, the term “amino acid residue difference relative to SEQ IDNO: 4 at position Xn” as used herein may refer to position “Xn” or tothe corresponding position (e.g., position (X−1)n) in a referencesequence that has been processed so as to lack the starting methionine.

“Conservative amino acid substitutions” refer to the interchangeabilityof residues having similar side chains, and thus typically involvessubstitution of the amino acid in the polypeptide with amino acidswithin the same or similar defined class of amino acids. By way ofexample and not limitation, an amino acid with an aliphatic side chainmay be substituted with another aliphatic amino acid, e.g., alanine,valine, leucine, and isoleucine; an amino acid with hydroxyl side chainis substituted with another amino acid with a hydroxyl side chain, e.g.,serine and threonine; an amino acids having aromatic side chains issubstituted with another amino acid having an aromatic side chain, e.g.,phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and histidine; an amino acid with abasic side chain is substituted with another amino acid with a basisside chain, e.g., lysine and arginine; an amino acid with an acidic sidechain is substituted with another amino acid with an acidic side chain,e.g., aspartic acid or glutamic acid; and a hydrophobic or hydrophilicamino acid is replaced with another hydrophobic or hydrophilic aminoacid, respectively. Exemplary conservative substitutions are provided inTable 1.

TABLE 1 Residue Possible Conservative Substitutions A, L, V, I Otheraliphatic (A, L, V, I) Other non-polar (A, L, V, I, G, M) G, M Othernon-polar (A, L, V, I, G, M) D, E Other acidic (D, E) K, R Other basic(K, R) N, Q, S, T Other polar H, Y, W, F Other aromatic (H, Y, W, F) C,P None

“Non-conservative substitution” refers to substitution of an amino acidin the polypeptide with an amino acid with significantly differing sidechain properties. Non-conservative substitutions may use amino acidsbetween, rather than within, the defined groups and affects (a) thestructure of the peptide backbone in the area of the substitution (e.g.,proline for glycine) (b) the charge or hydrophobicity, or (c) the bulkof the side chain. By way of example and not limitation, an exemplarynon-conservative substitution can be an acidic amino acid substitutedwith a basic or aliphatic amino acid; an aromatic amino acid substitutedwith a small amino acid; and a hydrophilic amino acid substituted with ahydrophobic amino acid.

“Deletion” refers to modification of the polypeptide by removal of oneor more amino acids from the reference polypeptide. Deletions cancomprise removal of 1 or more amino acids, 2 or more amino acids, 5 ormore amino acids, 10 or more amino acids, 15 or more amino acids, or 20or more amino acids, up to 10% of the total number of amino acids, or upto 20% of the total number of amino acids making up the polypeptidewhile retaining enzymatic activity and/or retaining the improvedproperties of an engineered enzyme. Deletions can be directed to theinternal portions and/or terminal portions of the polypeptide. Invarious embodiments, the deletion can comprise a continuous segment orcan be discontinuous.

“Insertion” refers to modification of the polypeptide by addition of oneor more amino acids to the reference polypeptide. In some embodiments,the improved engineered ketoreductase enzymes comprise insertions of oneor more amino acids to the naturally occurring ketoreductase polypeptideas well as insertions of one or more amino acids to engineeredketoreductase polypeptides. Insertions can be in the internal portionsof the polypeptide, or to the carboxy or amino terminus. Insertions asused herein include fusion proteins as is known in the art. Theinsertion can be a contiguous segment of amino acids or separated by oneor more of the amino acids in the naturally occurring polypeptide.

“Fragment” as used herein refers to a polypeptide that has anamino-terminal and/or carboxy-terminal deletion, but where the remainingamino acid sequence is identical to the corresponding positions in thesequence. Fragments can typically have about 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, and 99%of the full-length ketoreductase polypeptide, for example thepolypeptide of SEQ ID NO:4.

“Isolated polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide which is substantiallyseparated from other contaminants that naturally accompany it, e.g.,protein, lipids, and polynucleotides. The term embraces polypeptideswhich have been removed or purified from their naturally-occurringenvironment or expression system (e.g., host cell or in vitrosynthesis). The improved ketoreductase enzymes may be present within acell, present in the cellular medium, or prepared in various forms, suchas lysates or isolated preparations. As such, in some embodiments, theengineered ketoreductase polypeptides of the present disclosure can bean isolated polypeptide.

“Substantially pure polypeptide” refers to a composition in which thepolypeptide species is the predominant species present (i.e., on a molaror weight basis it is more abundant than any other individualmacromolecular species in the composition), and is generally asubstantially purified composition when the object species comprises atleast about 50 percent of the macromolecular species present by mole or% weight. Generally, a substantially pure engineered ketoreductasepolypeptide composition will comprise about 60% or more, about 70% ormore, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 95% or more, and about98% or more of all macromolecular species by mole or % weight present inthe composition. Solvent species, small molecules (<500 Daltons), andelemental ion species are not considered macromolecular species. In someembodiments, the isolated improved ketoreductase polypeptide is asubstantially pure polypeptide composition.

“Heterologous” polynucleotide refers to any polynucleotide that isintroduced into a host cell by laboratory techniques, and includespolynucleotides that are removed from a host cell, subjected tolaboratory manipulation, and then reintroduced into a host cell.

“Codon optimized” refers to changes in the codons of the polynucleotideencoding a protein to those preferentially used in a particular organismsuch that the encoded protein is efficiently expressed in the organismof interest. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides encoding theketoreductase enzymes may be codon optimized for optimal production fromthe host organism selected for expression.

“Control sequence” is defined herein to include all components, whichare necessary or advantageous for the expression of a polynucleotideand/or polypeptide of the present disclosure. Each control sequence maybe native or foreign to the polynucleotide of interest. Such controlsequences include, but are not limited to, a leader, polyadenylationsequence, propeptide sequence, promoter, signal peptide sequence, andtranscription terminator.

“Operably linked” is defined herein as a configuration in which acontrol sequence is appropriately placed (i.e., in a functionalrelationship) at a position relative to a polynucleotide of interestsuch that the control sequence directs or regulates the expression ofthe polynucleotide and/or polypeptide of interest.

“Cofactor regeneration system” or “cofactor recycling system” refers toa set of reactants that participate in a reaction that reduces theoxidized form of the cofactor (e.g., NADP+ to NADPH). Cofactors oxidizedby the ketoreductase-catalyzed reduction of the keto substrate areregenerated in reduced form by the cofactor regeneration system.Cofactor regeneration systems comprise a stoichiometric reductant thatis a source of reducing hydrogen equivalents and is capable of reducingthe oxidized form of the cofactor. The cofactor regeneration system mayfurther comprise a catalyst, for example an enzyme catalyst thatcatalyzes the reduction of the oxidized form of the cofactor by thereductant. Cofactor regeneration systems to regenerate NADH or NADPHfrom NAD+ or NADP+, respectively, are known in the art and may be usedin the methods described herein.

“Secondary alcohol dehydrogenase” is used herein to refer to an NAD+ orNADP+-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a secondaryalcohol (e.g., isopropyl alcohol) and NAD+ or NADP+ to a ketone and NADHor NADPH, respectively.

“Suitable reaction conditions” refer to those conditions in thebiocatalytic reaction solution (e.g., ranges of enzyme loading,substrate loading, cofactor loading, temperature, pH, buffers,co-solvents, etc.) under which a ketoreductase polypeptide of thepresent disclosure is capable of converting a substrate compound to aproduct compound (e.g., conversion of compound (2) to compound (1)).Exemplary “suitable reaction conditions” are provided in the presentdisclosure and illustrated by the Examples.

“Loading”, such as in “compound loading” or “enzyme loading” or“cofactor loading” refers to the concentration or amount of a componentin a reaction mixture at the start of the reaction.

“Substrate” in the context of a biocatalyst mediated process refers tothe compound or molecule acted on by the biocatalyst. For example, anexemplary substrate for the ketoreductase biocatalyst in the processdisclosed herein is compound (2).

“Product” in the context of a biocatalyst mediated process refers to thecompound or molecule resulting from the action of the biocatalyst. Forexample, an exemplary product for the ketoreductase biocatalyst in theprocess disclosed herein is compound (1).

“Equilibration” as used herein refers to the process resulting in asteady state concentration of chemical species in a chemical orenzymatic reaction (e.g., interconversion of two species A and B),including interconversion of stereoisomers, as determined by the forwardrate constant and the reverse rate constant of the chemical or enzymaticreaction.

“Alkyl” refers to saturated hydrocarbon groups of from 1 to 18 carbonatoms inclusively, either straight chained or branched, more preferablyfrom 1 to 8 carbon atoms inclusively, and most preferably 1 to 6 carbonatoms inclusively. An alkyl with a specified number of carbon atoms isdenoted in parenthesis, e.g., (C₁-C₄)alkyl refers to an alkyl of 1 to 4carbon atoms.

“Alkenyl” refers to groups of from 2 to 12 carbon atoms inclusively,either straight or branched containing at least one double bond butoptionally containing more than one double bond.

“Alkynyl” refers to groups of from 2 to 12 carbon atoms inclusively,either straight or branched containing at least one triple bond butoptionally containing more than one triple bond, and additionallyoptionally containing one or more double bonded moieties.

“Heteroalkyl, “heteroalkenyl,” and heteroalkynyl,” refer to alkyl,alkenyl and alkynyl as defined herein in which one or more of the carbonatoms are each independently replaced with the same or differentheteroatoms or heteroatomic groups. Heteroatoms and/or heteroatomicgroups which can replace the carbon atoms include, but are not limitedto, —O—, —S—, —S—O—, —NR^(α)—, —PH—, —S(O)—, —S(O)2-, —S(O)NR^(α)—,—S(O)₂NR^(α)—, and the like, including combinations thereof, where eachR^(α) is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl,cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

“Alkoxy” refers to the group —OR^(β) wherein R^(β) is an alkyl group isas defined above including optionally substituted alkyl groups as alsodefined herein.

“Aryl” refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to12 carbon atoms inclusively having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) ormultiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl). Exemplary arylsinclude phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl and the like.

“Arylalkyl” refers to an alkyl substituted with an aryl, i.e.,aryl-alkyl-groups, preferably having from 1 to 6 carbon atomsinclusively in the alkyl moiety and from 6 to 12 carbon atomsinclusively in the aryl moiety. Such arylalkyl groups are exemplified bybenzyl, phenethyl and the like.

“Arylalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl substituted with an aryl, i.e.,aryl-alkenyl-groups, preferably having from 2 to 6 carbon atomsinclusively in the alkenyl moiety and from 6 to 12 carbon atomsinclusively in the aryl moiety.

“Arylalkynyl” refers to an alkynyl substituted with an aryl, i.e.,aryl-alkynyl-groups, preferably having from 2 to 6 carbon atomsinclusively in the alkynyl moiety and from 6 to 12 carbon atomsinclusively in the aryl moiety.

“Carbocycle” and “carbocyclic” are used interchangeably herein to referto ring structures of 3 to 12 atoms where all the ring atoms are carbonatoms. Carbocycle includes cycloalkyl and aryl groups. Exemplarycarbocycles include, but are not limited to, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl,and phenyl.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 12 carbon atomsinclusively having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed ringswhich can be optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 alkyl groups.Exemplary cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, single ringstructures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl,1-methylcyclopropyl, 2-methylcyclopentyl, 2-methylcyclooctyl, and thelike, or multiple ring structures, including bridged ring systems, suchas adamantyl, and the like.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” refers to an alkyl substituted with a cycloalkyl,i.e., cycloalkyl-alkyl-groups, preferably having from 1 to 6 carbonatoms inclusively in the alkyl moiety and from 3 to 12 carbon atomsinclusively in the cycloalkyl moiety. Such cycloalkylalkyl groups areexemplified by cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl and the like.

“Cycloalkylalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl substituted with a cycloalkyl,i.e., cycloalkyl-alkenyl-groups, preferably having from 2 to 6 carbonatoms inclusively in the alkenyl moiety and from 3 to 12 carbon atomsinclusively in the cycloalkyl moiety.

“Cycloalkylalkynyl” refers to an alkynyl substituted with a cycloalkyl,i.e., cycloalkyl-alkynyl-groups, preferably having from 1 to 6 carbonatoms inclusively in the alkynyl moiety and from 3 to 12 carbon atomsinclusively in the cycloalkyl moiety.

“Amino” refers to the group —NH₂. Substituted amino refers to the group—NHR^(δ), NR^(δ)R^(δ), and NR^(δ)R^(δ)R^(δ), where each R^(δ) isindependently selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl,acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, and the like.Typical amino groups include, but are limited to, dimethylamino,diethylamino, trimethylammonium, triethylammonium, methylysulfonylamino,furanyl-oxy-sulfamino, and the like.

“Alkylamino” refers to a —NHR^(δ) group, where R^(δ) is an alkyl, anN-oxide derivative, or a protected derivative thereof, e.g.,methylamino, ethylamino, n-propylamino, iso-propylamino, n-butylamino,iso-butylamino, tert-butylamino, or methylamino-N-oxide, and the like.

“Aminoalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of thehydrogen atoms are replaced with an amino group as defined herein,including a substituted amino group.

“Oxo” refers to ═O

“Oxy” refers to a divalent group —O—, which may have varioussubstituents to form different oxy groups, including ethers and esters.

“Carboxy” refers to —COOH. “Carbonyl” refers to —C(O)—, which may have avariety of substituents to form different carbonyl groups includingacids, acid halides, aldehydes, amides, esters, and ketones.

“Carbonyl” refers to —C(O)—, which may have various substituents to formdifferent carbonyl groups, including esters and ketones.

“Alkyloxycarbonyl” refers to —C(O)OR^(ε), where R^(ε) is an alkyl groupas defined herein, which can be optionally substituted.

“Aryloxycarbonyl” refers to —C(O)OR^(ζ), where R^(ζ) is an aryl group asdefined herein, which can be optionally substituted.

“Arylalkyloxycarbonyl” refers to —C(O)OR^(ρ), where R^(ρ) is anaryl-alkyl-group as defined herein, which can be optionally substituted.

“Heteroaryloxycarbonyl” refers to —C(O)OR^(σ) where R^(σ) is aheteroaryl group as defined herein, which can be optionally substituted.

“Heteroarylalkyloxycarbonyl” refers to —C(O)OR^(ω) where R^(ω) is aheteroarylalkyl group as defined herein, which can be optionallysubstituted.

“Aminocarbonyl” refers to —C(O)NH₂. Substituted aminocarbonyl refers to—C(O)NR^(δ)R^(δ), where the amino group NR^(δ)R^(δ) is as definedherein.

“Halogen” or “halo” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

“Hydroxy” refers to —OH.

“Cyano” refers to —CN.

“Alkylthio” refers to —S—R^(η). where R^(η) is an alkyl. Typicalalkylthio include, but are not limited to, methylthio, ethylthio,n-propylthio, and the like.

“Sulfonyl” refers to —SO₂—. Substituted sulfonyl refers to —SO₂R^(κ),where R^(κ) is an alkyl, aryl or other suitable substituent as describedbelow.

“Alkylsulfonyl” refers to —SO₂R^(κ), where R^(κ) is an alkyl group asdefined herein.

“Arylsulfonyl” refers to —SO₂R^(κ), where R^(κ) is an aryl group asdefined herein.

“Sulfinyl” refers to a —S(O)R^(λ), where R^(λ) is selected from alkyl,cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) andheterocycle (bonded through a ring carbon).

“Alkylsulfinyl” refers to a —S(O)R^(λ) where R^(λ) is an alkyl group asdefined herein.

“Arylsulfinyl” refers to —S(O)R^(λ) where R^(λ) is an aryl group asdefined herein.

“Aminosulfonyl” refers to —SO₂NH₂. Substituted aminosulfonyl refers to—SO₂NR^(δ)R^(δ), where the amino group —NR^(δ)R^(δ) is as definedherein.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of thehydrogen atoms are replaced with a halogen. Thus, the term “haloalkyl”is meant to include monohaloalkyls, dihaloalkyls, trihaloalkyls, etc. upto perhaloalkyls. For example, the expression “(C₁ C₂) haloalkyl”includes 1-fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1-fluoroethyl,1,1-difluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 1,1,1 trifluoroethyl,perfluoroethyl, etc.

“Heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic heterocyclic group of from 1 to 10carbon atoms inclusively and 1 to 4 heteroatoms inclusively selectedfrom oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur within the ring. Such heteroaryl groupscan have a single ring (e.g., pyridyl or furyl) or multiple condensedrings (e.g., indolizinyl or benzothienyl).

“Heteroarylalkyl” refers to an alkyl substituted with a heteroaryl,i.e., heteroaryl-alkyl-groups, preferably having from 1 to 6 carbonatoms inclusively in the alkyl moiety and from 5 to 12 ring atomsinclusively in the heteroaryl moiety. Such heteroarylalkyl groups areexemplified by pyridylmethyl and the like.

“Heteroarylalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl substituted with a heteroaryl,i.e., heteroaryl-alkenyl-groups, preferably having from 2 to 6 carbonatoms inclusively in the alkenyl moiety and from 5 to 12 ring atomsinclusively in the heteroaryl moiety.

“Heteroarylalkynyl” refers to an alkynyl substituted with a heteroaryl,i.e., heteroaryl-alkynyl-groups, preferably having from 2 to 6 carbonatoms inclusively in the alkynyl moiety and from 5 to 12 ring atomsinclusively in the heteroaryl moiety.

“Heterocycle”, “heterocyclic” and interchangeably “heterocycloalkyl”refer to a saturated or unsaturated group having a single ring ormultiple condensed rings, from 2 to 10 carbon ring atoms inclusively andfrom 1 to 4 hetero ring atoms inclusively selected from nitrogen, sulfuror oxygen within the ring. Such heterocyclic groups can have a singlering (e.g., piperidinyl or tetrahydrofuryl) or multiple condensed rings(e.g., indolinyl, dihydrobenzofuran or quinuclidinyl). Examples ofheterocycles include, but are not limited to, furan, thiophene,thiazole, oxazole, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine,pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole, indazole, purine,quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthylpyridine,quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline,phenanthridine, acridine, phenanthroline, isothiazole, phenazine,isoxazole, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, imidazolidine, imidazoline,piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, indoline and the like.

“Heterocycloalkylalkyl” refers to an alkyl substituted with aheterocycloalkyl, i.e., heterocycloalkyl-alkyl-groups, preferably havingfrom 1 to 6 carbon atoms inclusively in the alkyl moiety and from 3 to12 ring atoms inclusively in the heterocycloalkyl moiety.

“Heterocycloalkylalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl substituted with aheterocycloalkyl, i.e., heterocycloalkyl-alkenyl-groups, preferablyhaving from 2 to 6 carbon atoms inclusively in the alkenyl moiety andfrom 3 to 12 ring atoms inclusively in the heterocycloalkyl moiety.

“Heterocycloalkylalkynyl” refers to an alkynyl substituted with aheterocycloalkyl, i.e., heterocycloalkyl-alkynyl-groups, preferablyhaving from 2 to 6 carbon atoms inclusively in the alkynyl moiety andfrom 3 to 12 ring atoms inclusively in the heterocycloalkyl moiety.

“Membered ring” is meant to embrace any cyclic structure. The numberpreceding the term “membered” denotes the number of skeletal atoms thatconstitute the ring. Thus, for example, cyclohexyl, pyridine, pyran andthiopyran are 6-membered rings and cyclopentyl, pyrrole, furan, andthiophene are 5-membered rings.

Unless otherwise specified, positions occupied by hydrogen in theforegoing groups can be further substituted with substituentsexemplified by, but not limited to, hydroxy, oxo, nitro, methoxy,ethoxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, trifluoromethoxy, haloalkoxy,fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, halo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, trifluoromethyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, thio, alkylthio, acyl, carboxy,alkoxycarbonyl, carboxamido, substituted carboxamido, alkylsulfonyl,alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonylamino, sulfonamido, substituted sulfonamido,cyano, amino, substituted amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminoalkyl,acylamino, amidino, amidoximo, hydroxamoyl, phenyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl,heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkyl,heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl,substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,morpholino, heterocycle, (heterocycle)oxy, and (heterocycle)alkyl; andpreferred heteroatoms are oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. It is understoodthat where open valences exist on these substituents they can be furthersubstituted with alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and/or heterocyclegroups, that where these open valences exist on carbon they can befurther substituted by halogen and by oxygen-, nitrogen-, orsulfur-bonded substituents, and where multiple such open valences exist,these groups can be joined to form a ring, either by direct formation ofa bond or by formation of bonds to a new heteroatom, preferably oxygen,nitrogen, or sulfur. It is further understood that the abovesubstitutions can be made provided that replacing the hydrogen with thesubstituent does not introduce unacceptable instability to the moleculesof the present invention, and is otherwise chemically reasonable.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described eventor circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includesinstances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances in whichit does not. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that withrespect to any molecule described as containing one or more optionalsubstituents, only sterically practical and/or synthetically feasiblecompounds are meant to be included. “Optionally substituted” refers toall subsequent modifiers in a term or series of chemical groups. Forexample, in the term “optionally substituted arylalkyl, the “alkyl”portion and the “aryl” portion of the molecule may or may not besubstituted, and for the series “optionally substituted alkyl,cycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl,” the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, andheteroaryl groups, independently of the others, may or may not besubstituted.

“Protecting group” refers to a group of atoms that mask, reduce orprevent the reactivity of the functional group when attached to areactive functional group in a molecule. Typically, a protecting groupmay be selectively removed as desired during the course of a synthesis.Examples of protecting groups can be found in Wuts and Greene, “Greene'sProtective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” 4^(th) Ed., Wiley Interscience(2006), and Harrison et al., Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods,Vols. 1-8, 1971-1996, John Wiley & Sons, NY. Functional groups that canhave a protecting group include, but are not limited to, hydroxy, amino,and carboxy groups. Representative amino protecting groups include, butare not limited to, formyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzyl,benzyloxycarbonyl (“CBZ”), tert-butoxycarbonyl (“Boc”), trimethylsilyl(“TMS”), 2-trimethylsilyl-ethanesulfonyl (“SES”), trityl and substitutedtrityl groups, allyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (“FMOC”),nitro-veratryloxycarbonyl (“NVOC”) and the like. Representativehydroxylprotecting groups include, but are not limited to, those wherethe hydroxyl group is either acylated (e.g., methyl and ethyl esters,acetate or propionate groups or glycol esters) or alkylated such asbenzyl and trityl ethers, as well as alkyl ethers, tetrahydropyranylethers, trialkylsilyl ethers (e.g., TMS or TIPPS groups) and allylethers. Other protecting groups can be found in the references notedherein.

5.3. Engineered Ketoreductase Polypeptides

Ketoreductase (KRED) or carbonyl reductase biocatalysts (EC 1.1.1.184)are useful for the synthesis of alcohols from aldehydes and ketones, andoptically active secondary alcohols from the correspondingprostereoisomeric ketone substrates. KREDs may also catalyze the reversereaction, i.e., oxidation of an alcohol substrate to the correspondingaldehydes/ketone product. The reduction of aldehydes and ketones and theoxidation of alcohols by KREDs uses a co-factor, most commonly reducednicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) or reduced nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) for theoxidation reaction. NADH and NADPH serve as electron donors, while NAD+and NADP+ serve as electron acceptors.

KREDs can be found in a wide range of bacteria and yeasts (for reviewssee, e.g., Kraus and Waldman, Enzyme catalysis in organic synthesisVols. 1&2.VCH Weinheim 1995; Faber, K., Biotransformations in organicchemistry, 4th Ed. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York. 2000; Hummeland Kula Eur. J. Biochem. 1989 184:1-13). Numerous KRED genes and enzymesequences have been reported, including: Candida magnoliae (Genbank Acc.No. JC7338; GI:11360538); Candida parapsilosis (Genbank Acc. No.BAA24528.1; GI:2815409), Sporobolomyces salmonicolor (Genbank Acc. No.AF160799; GI:6539734); Lactobacillus kefir (Genbank Acc. No. AAP94029.1;GI: 33112056); Lactobacillus brevis (Genbank Acc. No. 1NXQ_A; GI:30749782); and Thermoanaerobium brockii (Genbank Acc. No. P14941; GI:1771790).

The stereoselectivity of ketoreductases have been applied to thepreparation of important pharmaceutical building blocks (see, e.g.,Broussy et al., 2009, Org. Lett. 11(2):305-308). Specific applicationsof naturally occurring or engineered KREDs in biocatalytic processes togenerate useful chemical compounds have been demonstrated for reductionof 4-chloroacetoacetate esters (Zhou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983105:5925-5926; Santaniello, J. Chem. Res. (S) 1984:132-133; U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,559,030; 5,700,670 and 5,891,685), reduction of dioxocarboxylicacids (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,339), reduction of tert-butyl(S)-chloro-5-hydroxy-3-oxohexanoate (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,746 andWO 01/40450), reduction pyrrolotriazine-based compounds (e.g., U.S.application No. 2006/0286646); reduction of substituted acetophenones(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,477); and reduction of ketothiolanes (WO2005/054491).

As discussed herein,tert-butyl(1-hydroxy-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate is an intermediatein the synthesis of hydroxymethylpyrrolidine based β₃-adrenoreceptoragonists (e.g., WO2009124167 and WO 2009124166, incorporated herein byreference). Naturally occurring and previously engineered KREDs do notefficiently convert substrate compound (2),tert-butyl(1-oxo-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate, to product compound(1), tert-butyl(1-hydroxy-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate, asillustrated in Scheme 1 above. However, the present disclosure describesthe development of non-naturally occurring (i.e., engineered) KREDs withimproved properties in carrying out the conversion of Scheme 1. Theseimproved properties include, among others, increased activity, increasedselectivity for certain diastereoisomers, increased stability (e.g.,thermal and solvent), high percent substrate conversion (esp., inpresence of high substrate loadings), enhanced polypeptide expression,and various combinations of improvements thereof.

For the purposes of the descriptions herein, it will apparent to theskilled artisan that compound (2) has two chiral centers and can existin at least two different diastereomeric forms (e.g., compounds (2a) and(2b)). Consequently, reduction by the ketoreductase can result in atleast four different stereoisomeric forms of product (e.g., compounds(1a), (1b), (1c) and (1d)), as shown in Scheme 3.

Accordingly, as used herein, a reference to compound (2) or itsstructural analogs without any specified stereomeric structure refers toany mixtures, including racemic mixtures, or pure preparations of thestereoisomeric forms of the compound that are substrates for theengineered ketoreductases disclosed herein (e.g., compounds (2a) and(2b)). Similarly, a reference to product compound (1) or its structuralanalogs without any indication of a specific stereomeric structurerefers to any mixtures of the stereomeric forms of product compound (1)formed in the ketoreductase reaction (e.g., compounds (1a), (1b), (1c),and (1d)). Moreover, the engineered ketoreductases of the presentdisclosure can also carry out the reverse reaction to convert compound(1) to the corresponding ketone of compound (2), and promoteequilibration between the two substrate compounds (2a) and (2b), asillustrated in Scheme 2.

The non-naturally occurring polypeptides of the present disclosure areketoreductases engineered to have improved properties as compared to thenaturally occurring ketoreductase of SEQ ID NO:2 or the engineeredketoreductase of SEQ ID NO:4. The engineered ketoreductase polypeptidesare adapted for efficient conversion of compound (2) to compound (1) andhave one or more residue differences as compared to the naturallyoccurring ketoreductase of SEQ ID NO:2, or the reference engineeredketoreductase polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4, which has the following 11amino acid differences relative to the naturally occurring ketoreductaseof SEQ ID NO:2 from Lactobacillus kefir: A94G; S96V; E145F; F147M;L153T; Y190P; L195M; V196L; L199Y; 1226V; and Y249W. These residuedifferences are associated with improvements in enzyme properties,particularly increased activity, increased stereoselectivity, increasedstability, and tolerance of increased substrate and/or productconcentration (e.g., decreased product inhibition).

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides arecapable of converting the substrate compound (2) to compound (1) with anactivity that is increased at least about 1.2 fold, 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 3fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 20 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, 100fold, 200 fold, 500 fold, 1000 fold, 5000 fold, 10000 fold or morerelative to the activity of the reference polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4under suitable reaction conditions. In some embodiments, the engineeredketoreductase polypeptides are capable of converting the substrate ofcompound (2) to compound (1) with a percent conversion of at least about40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, atleast about 80%, or at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at leastabout 98%, at least about 99%, in a reaction time of about 48 h, about36 h, about 24 h, or even shorter length of time, under suitablereaction conditions.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides describedherein exhibit diastereoselectivity for syn compounds (1a) and (1c) overanti compounds (1b) and (1d) under suitable reaction conditions

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides arecapable of converting compound (2) to syn compounds (1a) and (1c) (i.e.,[1a+1c]) in a diastereomeric ratio greater than 10:1, 20:1, 30:1, 40:1,50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, or 100:1 or greater over anti compounds(1b) and (1d) (i.e., [1b+1d]). In some embodiments, the engineeredketoreductase polypeptides are capable of converting substrate compound(2) to product compounds (1a) and (1c) (i.e., [1a+1c]) in adiastereomeric ratio greater than 50:1 over compounds (1b) and (1d)(i.e., [1b+1d) under suitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductases are capable ofconverting substrate compound (2) to product compound (1a) indiastereomeric excess over compound (1c). In some embodiments, theengineered ketoreductases are capable of converting compound (2) tocompound (1a) in diastereomeric excess of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%,50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or greater over compound (1c) under suitablereaction conditions.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides exhibitdiastereoselectivity for compounds (1b) and (1d) over compounds (1a) and(1c). Thus, in some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductases arecapable of converting compound (2) to compounds (1b) and (1d) indiastereomeric excess of compounds (1a) and (1c) under suitable reactionconditions.

As further discussed below, the diastereoselectivity of the engineeredketoreductases and the equilibration between the substrate compounds canbe used in a dynamic kinetic resolution process to prepare certaindiastereomers in excess, and in some instances, to prepare substantiallypure preparations of the diastereomer or diastereomers.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides arecapable of converting compound (2) to compound (1) with increasedtolerance for the presence of substrate relative to the referencepolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 under suitable reaction conditions.Accordingly, in some embodiments the engineered ketoreductasepolypeptides are capable of converting the substrate of compound (2) tocompound (1) in the presence of a substrate loading concentration of atleast about 1 g/L, about 5 g/L, about 10 g/L, about 20 g/L, about 30g/L, about 40 g/L, about 50 g/L, about 70 g/L, about 100 g/L, about 125g/L, about 150 g/L. about 175 g/L or about 200 g/L or more with apercent conversion of at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at leastabout 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%,at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%, in areaction time of about 72 h, about 48 h, about 36 h, about 24 h, or evenshorter length of time, under suitable reaction conditions.

The suitable reaction conditions under which the above-describedimproved properties of the engineered polypeptides carry out theconversion can be determined with respect to concentrations or amountsof polypeptide, substrate, cofactor, buffer, co-solvent, pH, and/orconditions including temperature and reaction time, as further describedbelow and in the Examples.

The exemplary engineered polypeptides associated with their improvedproperties for conversion of compound (2) to compound (1) include one ormore residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 at the followingresidue positions: X7; X17; X23; X27; X29; X40; X60; X64; X71; X87; X94;X95; X96; X105; X113; X122; X127; X131; X144; X145; X147; X150; X152;X153; X157; X173; X195; X196; X198; X199; X206; X208; X216; X221; X243;X245; and X249. The specific amino acid differences at each of thesepositions that are associated with the improved properties of theexemplary polypeptides of Tables 2A, 2B, and 2C include: X7S; X17M;X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X40R; X60I; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P;X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L;X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G;X196M; X198S; X199H; X206F; X206L; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I;X249F; X249G; and X249Y.

Structure and function information for exemplary engineeredketoreductase polypeptides of the present disclosure are shown below inTables 2A, 2B and 2C. The odd numbered sequence identifiers (i.e., “SEQID NO:”) refer to the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acidsequence provided by the even numbered SEQ ID NOs, and the sequences areprovided in the electronic Sequence Listing file accompanying thisdisclosure, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. The aminoacid residue differences are based on comparison to the referencepolypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, which is an engineeredketoreductase polypeptide having the following 11 amino acid differencesrelative to the naturally occurring ketoreductase of Lactobacillus kefir(SEQ ID NO: 2): A94G; S96V; E145F; F147M; L153T; Y190P; L195M; V196L;L199Y; 1226V; and Y249W. The “syn:cis diastereomeric ratio” (alsoreferred to herein as “d.r.”) is the ratio of the two possible syndiastereomeric products compound (1a) and compound (1c) to the twopossible anti diastereomer products compound (1b) and compound (1d). Thediastereomeric ratio can be calculated from the formula,[1a+1c]/[1b+1d].

In the screening of ketoreductases herein, the engineered polypeptide ofSEQ ID NO: 4 was found to convert compound (2) to compound (1a) and (1c)with a d.r. of >100 (under reaction condition E) but with lower activitythan the engineered ketoreductases selected for improved properties inthe conversion of substrate compound (2) to product compounds (1a) and(1c). Thus, the engineered polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:4 was used as thestarting point for the further evolution of engineered polypeptides thathad increased activity in converting substrate compound (2) to productcompounds (1a) and (1c) and with high d.r. The activity of eachengineered polypeptide was determined using a high-throughput (HTP)assay (as a primary screen). The HTP assay values in Table 2A weredetermined using E. coli clear cell lysates in 96 well-plate format of˜200 μL volume per well following assay reaction conditions as noted inthe table. In some cases, a secondary shake-flask powder (SFP) and/ordownstream processed (DSP) powder assay were used to assess theproperties of the engineered ketoreductases. The SFP and DSP formsprovide a more purified powder preparation of the engineeredpolypeptides. For example, the engineered ketoreductase in the SFPpreparations are approximately 30% of the total protein. The SFP assayvalues in Table 2B were determined using SFP of the engineeredpolypeptides in a 2 mL vial format using reaction conditions noted inthe table. The DSP assay values in Table 2C were determined using DSPpowders of the engineered polypeptides in a 2 mL or 5 mL vial formatusing reaction conditions noted in the table. Further details of theHTP, SFP, and DSP preparations and assays are described in the Examples.

TABLE 2A SEQ ID Activity NO: Amino Acid Differences (relative to (nt/aa)(relative to SEQ ID NO: 4) SEQ ID NO: 4) Assay¹ 3/4 n/a 1.0 i 5/6 V96L4.4 i 7/8 M195A 3.5 i  9/10 M206F 4.9 i 17/18 H40R; G94P; M206F 112.7 ii19/20 H40R; V95M; M206F 81.3 ii 21/22 H40R; I144V; M206F 77.5 ii 23/24H40R; L196M; M206F 77.0 ii 25/26 H40R; D198S; M206F; 323.8 ii 27/28H40R; A64V; V87L; M147Q; Y199H; M206F; 137.8 ii 29/30 H40R; A64V; M147Q;Y199H; M206F 121.4 ii 33/34 L17Q; H40R; A64V; T71P; G94P; V95M; T122A;I144V; M147I; 25190.1 iii N157C; L196M; D198S; M206F; W249Y 35/36 L17Q;H40R; A64V; T71P; G94P; I144V; M147I; N157C; L196M; 23882.6 iii M206F;W249F 37/38 L17M; H40R; A64V; V87L; G94P; I144V; N157C; L196M; D198S;22691.3 iii Y199H; M206F; W249F 39/40 L17R; H40R; A64V; V87L; G94P;I144V; M147I; D150Y; N157C; 10801.3 iii L196M; D198S; M206F 41/42 L17Q;I23V; H40R; A64V; T71P; V87L; G94P; V95M; I144V; M147I; 29528.6 iiiT153G; N157C; L196M; D198S; M206F; W249F 43/44 L17R; H40R; A64V; T71P;G94P; V95M; I144V; D150Y; L196M; 11467.5 iii D198S; M206F 45/46 V96Y 1.5i 47/48 F145L 2.1 i 49/50 M195G 13.8 i (opposite d.r.) 51/52 M206L 2.3 i53/54 Y199H 2.4 i 55/56 L17Q; H40R; M206F 346.6 ii 57/58 L17R; H40R;M206F 248.1 ii 59/60 E29G; H40R; T71P; M206F 49.1 ii 61/62 H40R; G94A;M206F 68.9 ii 63/64 H40R; G94S; M206F 107.6 ii 65/66 H40R; N131S; M206F35.5 ii 67/68 H40R; D150Y; M206F 48.7 ii 69/70 H40R; T152G; M206F 55.7ii 71/72 H40R; N157C; M206F 313.9 ii 73/74 H40R; M195G; M206F 500.9 ii(opposite d.r.) 75/76 H40R; V113I; M206F 19.0 ii 77/78 H40R; L196M;M206F 74.2 ii 79/80 H40R; M206F; W249G 27.5 ii 81/82 L17M; H40R; A64V;V87L; V96Y; M147L; Y199H; M206F 154.8 ii 83/84 L17M; H40R; V87L; M147L;D173L; Y199H; M206F 202.6 ii 85/86 L17M; H40R; A64V; V87L; M147Q; D173L;Y199H; M206F 587.4 ii 87/88 L17M; H40R; V87L; V96L; Y199H; M206F 147.9ii 89/90 L17M; H40R; V96L; M147Q; M206F 90.5 ii 91/92 L17M; H40R; A64V;V87L; V96Y; M147Q; Y199H; M206F 71.4 ii 93/94 L17M; H40R; V87L; V96L;M147Q; Y199H; M206F 100.3 ii 95/96 H40R; V96L; M147Q; D173L; M206F 38.6ii 97/98 H40R; Y199H; M206F 63.6 ii  99/100 H40R; V87L; M147Q; D173L;M206F 27.3 ii 101/102 H40R; M147Q; M206F 31.7 ii 103/104 L17M; H40R;V87L; V96Y; D173L; M206F 40.8 ii 105/106 L17M; H40R; A64V; Y199H; M206F;N221S 351.6 ii 107/108 L17M; H40R; M206F 101.0 ii 109/110 L17M; H40R;A64V; V96Y; M147I; D173L; Y199H; M206F 241.2 ii 111/112 L17M; H40R;V96L; M147Q; M206F; W249Y 213.1 ii 113/114 L17M; H40R; A64V; M147Q;D173L; Y199H; M206F 242.0 ii 115/116 L17M; H40R; A64V; V87L; V96Y;M147I; D173L; M206F 257.8 ii 117/118 H40R; A64V; V87L; V96Y; M147Q;Y199H; M206F; W249Y 91.7 ii 119/120 L17M; H40R; A64V; M147Q; Y199H;M206F; W249F 612.5 ii 121/122 L17M; H40R; A64V; M147Q; D173L; M206F211.7 ii 123/124 H40R; A64V; M147Q; D173L; Y199H; M206F 89.7 ii 125/126L17M; H40R; A64V; M147L; M206F 267.4 ii 127/128 L17M; H40R; V87L; M147Q;Y199H; M206F 170.2 ii 129/130 L17M; H40R; A64V; V96L; M147I; Y199H;M206F; 444.1 ii 131/132 G7S; H40R; V60I; A64V; Q127R; M206F; H216R;V245I 185.7 ii 133/134 L17R; H40R; A64V; T71P; G94P; I144V; M147I;N157C; L196M; 8985.6 iii D198S; M206F; F243S 135/136 L17R; H40R; A64V;T71P; V87L; G94P; I144V; M147I; D150Y; 11808.6 iii N157C; L196M; D198S;M206F 137/138 L17Q; H40R; A64V; V87L; G94P; V95M; I144V; M147I; D150Y;11931.9 iii N157C; L196M; D198S; M206F 139/140 L17R; H40R; A64V; V87L;G94P; I144V; M147I; D150Y; N157C; 11538.1 iii L196M; D198S; M206F; Q208R141/142 L17Q; H40R; G94P; I144V; M147I; N157C; L196M; D198S; M206F;12100.3 iii W249Y 143/144 L17M; H40R; A64V; T71P; G94P; I144V; M147I;N157C; L196M; 11180.5 iii D198S; M206F; W249Y 145/146 L17Q; H40R; A64V;T71P; G94P; V95M; I144V; M147I; N157C; 5635.6 iii L196M; M206F 147/148L17R; H40R; A64V; G94P; I144V; M147Q; D150Y; N157C; L196M; 9200.2 iiiM206F 149/150 L17M; H40R; A64V; T71P; G94P; I144V; M147I; N157C; L196M;8707.5 iii D198S; M206F 151/152 L17R; H40R; T71P; V87L; G94P; I144V;M147I; D150Y; N157C; 7487.5 iii L196M; M206F 153/154 L17M; H40R; A64V;T71P; G94P; E105G; I144V; M147I; D150Y; 6634.1 iii N157C; L196M; Y199H;M206F 155/156 L17R; H40R; G94P; I144V; M147I; N157C; L196M; D198S;Y199H; 5827.1 iii M206F 157/158 L17R; H40R; A64V; G94P; V95M; I144V;D150Y; L196M; M206F; 10168.4 iii W249Y 159/160 L17Q; H40R; G94P; V95M;I144V; M147Q; L196M; D198S; Y199H; 5869.0 iii M206F; W249F 161/162 L17Q;H40R; A64V; V87L; G94P; I144V; M147I; N157C; L196M; 6201.2 iii D198S;Y199H; M206F 163/164 L17Q; F27L; H40R; A64V; T71P; G94P; V95M; I144V;M147I; 5838.0 iii L196M; D198S; M206F; W249Y 165/166 L17Q; H40R; A64V;T71P; G94P; I144V; N157C; L196M; M206F; 5883.6 iii W249Y 167/168 L17R;H40R; T71P; V87L; G94P; I144V; M147I; N157C; L196M; 6007.8 iii M206F;W249F 169/170 L17Q; H40R; A64V; T71P; G94P; I144V; M147I; L196M; D198S;5487.0 iii M206F 171/172 L17R; H40R; A64V; G94P; V95M; I144V; N157C;L196M; Y199H; 8629.4 iii M206F; W249F ¹HTP assay conditions: i: Cellswere lysed by shaking for 1 h at 250 rpm and room temperature in 300 μLof lysis buffer containing 0.2M borate, 0.5 g/L lysozyme, and 0.4 g/Lpolymyxin B sulfate at pH 10.5. The reaction conditions comprised: 20g/L substrate compound (2), 60 μL clear cell lysate from cellscontaining the ketoreductase polypeptide lysed in 300 μL lysis buffer,30% IPA (v/v), 0.5 g/L NADP, 0.2M borate, pH 9.5 and incubated at 35° C.for 24 h. ii: Cells were lysed by shaking for 1 h at 250 rpm and roomtemperature in 300 μL of lysis buffer containing 0.2M borate, 0.5 g/Llysozyme, and 0.4 g/L polymyxin B sulfate at pH 10.5. The reactionconditions comprised: 50 g/L substrate compound (2), 20 μL clear celllysate from cells containing the ketoreductase polypeptide lysed in 300μL lysis buffer, 50% IPA (v/v), 0.1 g/L NADP, 0.2M borate, pH 10 andincubated at 45° C. for 24 h. iii: Cells were lysed by shaking for 1 hat 250 rpm and room temperature in 300 μL of lysis buffer containing0.2M borate, 0.5 g/L lysozyme, and 0.4 g/L polymyxin B sulfate at pH10.5. The reaction conditions comprised: 50 g/L substrate compound (2),40 μL clear cell lysate from cells containing the ketoreductasepolypeptide lysed in 300 uL lysis buffer, 50% IPA (v/v), 0.1 g/L NADP,0.2M borate, pH 10 and incubated at 55° C. for 24 h.

TABLE 2B SEQ ID Activity NO: Amino Acid Differences (relative to SEQ(nt/aa) (relative to SEQ ID NO: 4) ID NO: 4) d.r. Assay² 3/4 n/a 1.0 25A 5/6 V96L 6.5 15 A 7/8 M195A 4.5 11 A  9/10 M206F 7.0 39 A 11/12 H40R;V96L 33.0 9 B 13/14 H40R; M206F 37.4 15 B 15/16 H40R; M195A 16.0 7 B13/14 H40R; M206F 3.5 >100 C 17/18 H40R; G94P; M206F 28.3 >100 C 19/20H40R; V95M; M206F 18.2 83 C 21/22 H40R; I144V; M206F 18.1 55 C 23/24H40R; L196M; M206F 36.9 >100 C 25/26 H40R; D198S; M206F 51.9 >100 C27/28 H40R; A64V; V87L; M147Q; Y199H; M206F 27.2 51 C 29/30 H40R; A64V;M147Q; Y199H; M206F 20.0 34 C 31/32 H40R; G94P; I144V; L196M; M206F Noactivity in n/a D 45° C. assay 33/34 L17Q; H40R; A64V; T71P; G94P; V95M;T122A; I144V; 345.6 >100 D M147I; N157C; L196M; D198S; M206F; W249Y35/36 L17Q; H40R; A64V; T71P; G94P; 144V; M147I; N157C; 341.7 >100 DL196M; M206F; W249F 37/38 L17M; H40R; A64V; V87L; G94P; I144V; N157C;L196M; 343.1 78 D D198S; Y199H; M206F; W249F 39/40 L17R; H40R; A64V;V87L; G94P; I144V; M147I; D150Y; 234.4 >100 D N157C; L196M; D198S; M206F41/42 L17Q; I23V; H40R; A64V; T71P; V87L; G94P; V95M; 341.3 83 D I144V;M147I; T153G; N157C; L196M; D198S; M206F; W249F 43/44 L17R; H40R; A64V;T71P; G94P; V95M; I144V; D150Y; 203.4 >100 D L196M; D198S; M206F ²SFPAssay Conditions: A: In a 2 mL vial: 5 g/L substrate compound (2), 5 g/LSFP of ketoreductase polypeptide, 30% IPA (v/v), 0.5 g/L NADP, 0.2Mborate, pH 9.5 (buffer) and incubated at 35° C. for 24 h. B: In a 2 mLvial: 5 g/L substrate compound (2), 5 g/L SFP of ketoreductasepolypeptide, 30% IPA (v/v), 0.5 g/L NADP, 0.2M borate pH 9.5 (buffer)and incubated at 35° C. 6 h. C: In a 2 mL vial: 40 g/L substratecompound (2), 5 g/L SFP of ketoreductase polypeptide, 50% IPA (v/v), 0.1g/L NADP, 0.2M borate, pH 10.2 (reaction) and incubated at 35° C. for 24h. D: In a 2 mL vial: 40 g/L substrate compound (2), 2 g/L SFP ofketoreductase polypeptide, 50% IPA (v/v), 0.1 g/L NADP, 0.2M borate, pH10 (buffer) and incubated at 45° C. for 22 h.

TABLE 2C SEQ ID Activity NO: Amino Acid Differences (relative to (nt/aa)(relative to SEQ ID NO: 4) SEQ ID NO: 4) d.r. Assay³ 3/4 n/a 1.0 >100 E 9/10 M206F 6.0 >100 E 13/14 H40R; M206F 29.7 30 E 13/14 H40R; M206F80.7 14 F 17/18 H40R; G94P; M206F 73.5 >100 F 21/22 H40R; I144V; M206F253.1 42 F 23/24 H40R; L196M; M206F 264.0 >100 F 25/26 H40R; D198S;M206F 74.9 >100 F 31/32 H40R; G94P; I144V; L196M; M206F 470.5 51 F Noactivity in n/a G 45° C. assay 33/34 L17Q; H40R; A64V; T71P; G94P; V95M;T122A; 1629.1 >100 G I144V; M147I; N157C; L196M; D198S; M206F; W249Y35/36 L17Q; H40R; A64V; T71P; G94P; I144V; M147I; 1620.0 >100 G N157C;L196M; M206F; W249F 37/38 L17M; H40R; A64V; V87L; G94P; I144V; N157C;1660.0 87 G L196M; D198S; Y199H; M206F; W249F 41/42 L17Q; I23V; H40R;A64V; T71P; V87L; G94P; V95M; 1669.1 88 G I144V; M147I; T153G; N157C;L196M; D198S; M206F; W249F ³DSP Assay Conditions: E: 100 g/L substratecompound (2), 5 g/L DSP powder of ketoreductase polypeptide, 30% IPA(v/v), 0.1 g/L NADP, 0.2M borate, pH 9.5 (buffer), and incubated at 35°C. for 24 h. F: 40 g/L substrate compound (2), 1 g/L DSP powder ofketoreductase polypeptide, 50% IPA (v/v), 0.1 g/L NADP, 0.2M borate, pH10.3 (reaction), and incubated at 35° C. for 22 h. G: 100 g/L substratecompound (2), 1 g/L DSP powder of ketoreductase polypeptide, 50% IPA(v/v), 0.1 g/L NADP, 0.2M borate, pH 10.0 (buffer) and incubated at 45°C. for 22 h.

In light of the properties of the exemplary polypeptides, improvementsin enzyme properties (e.g., activity in conversion of compound (2) tocompounds (1a) and (1c)) are associated with residue differences ascompared to SEQ ID NO:4 at residue positions X7; X17; X23; X27; X29;X40; X60; X64; X71; X87; X94; X95; X96; X105; X113; X122; X127; X131;X144; X145; X147; X150; X152; X153; X157; X173; X195; X196; X198; X199;X206; X208; X216; X221; X243; X245; and X249. The specific residuedifferences at each of these positions that are associated with theimproved properties include: X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G;X40R; X60I; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G;X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L; X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y;X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X206F;X206L; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I; X249F; X249G; and X249Y.Increases in enzyme activity are associated with residue differences atresidue positions X60; X71; X94; X95; X96; X127; X144; X152; X196; X199;X206; X216; and X245. Substrate binding function which affects, in part,enzyme activity and diastereoselectivity, particularly formation ofproduct compounds (1a) and (1c) over compounds (1b) and (1d), areassociated with residue differences at residue positions X40; X94; X95;X96; X144; X145; X150; X152; X153; X157; X195; X196; X198; X199; X206;and X249. Cofactor NADP binding is associated with residue differencesat residue position X40 and affects enzyme activity. Increases in thediastereomeric ratio of compounds (1a) and (1c) over compounds (1b) and(1d)) are associated with residue differences at residue positions X17;X64; X71; X87; X147; X157; X196; X206 and X249. Some decrease indiastereomeric ratio is associated with residue differences at residueposition X144, but the reduction in d.r. is compensated by a significantincrease in enzyme activity. Change in diastereoselectivity to formationof compounds (1b) and (1d) in diastereomeric excess over compounds (1a)and (1c) is associated with X195G. Increases in enzyme stability,particularly at increased temperature (e.g., activity at 35° C. versusactivity at 45° C.), are associated with, among others, residuedifferences at residue positions X17; X64; X71; X87; X94; X147; X147;X147; X157, X198; and X249. As will be appreciated by the skilledartisan, the foregoing residue positions and the specific amino acidresidues for each residue position can be used individually or invarious combinations to synthesize engineered ketoreductase polypeptideshaving desired improved properties, including, among others, enzymeactivity, stereoselectivity and stability.

In light of the guidance provided herein, it is further contemplatedthat any of the exemplary engineered polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8,10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46,48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82,84, 86, 88, 96, 98, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 114, 116, 122, 124, 126,128, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156,158, 160, 162, 164, 168, 170 and 172, and in particular the engineeredpolypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38,40, 42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84,86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116,118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144,146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172can be used as the starting amino acid sequence for synthesizing otherengineered ketoreductase polypeptides, for example by subsequent roundsof evolution by adding new combinations of various amino aciddifferences from other polypeptides in Tables 2A, 2B and 2C, and otherresidue positions described herein. Further improvements may begenerated by including amino acid differences at residue positions thathad been maintained as unchanged throughout earlier rounds of evolution.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide capableof carrying out the conversion of substrate compound (2),tert-butyl(1-oxo-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate, to the productcompound (1), tert-butyl(1-hydroxy-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate, withat least 1.5 fold the activity of polypeptide SEQ ID NO:4, comprises anamino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity toreference sequence SEQ ID NO:2 and the features X40R and X206L or F,with the proviso that when X206 is F, the sequence further comprises oneor more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from:X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X60I; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A;X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V;X145L; X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A;X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I; X249F;X249G; and X249Y.

In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide capable of carryingout the conversion of substrate compound (2) to the product compound (1)with at least 1.5 fold the activity of polypeptide SEQ ID NO:4,comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%,88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or moreidentity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:2 and the features X40R andX206L or F, with the proviso that when X206 is F, the sequence furthercomprises one or more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4selected from: X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X64V; X71P;X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R;X131S; X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A;X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X249F; X249G;and X249Y.

In some embodiments, the ketoreductase polypeptide capable of convertingsubstrate compound (2) to product compound (1) with at least 1.5 foldthe activity of polypeptide SEQ ID NO:4, comprises an amino acidsequence having at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identity to a referencesequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22,24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58,60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94,96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124,126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152,154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172, and having thefeatures X40R and X206L or F, with the proviso that when X206 is F, thesequence further comprises one or more residue differences as comparedto SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G;X60I; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G;X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L; X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y;X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X208R;X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I; X249F; X249G; and X249Y, and in particularone or more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selectedfrom: X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A;X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X147I;X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M;X198S; X199H; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X249F; X249G; and X249Y.

In some embodiments, the reference sequence is selected from SEQ ID NO:4, 14, 36, 42, and 130. In some embodiments, the reference sequence isSEQ ID NO:4. In some embodiments, the reference sequence is SEQ IDNO:36. In some embodiments, the reference sequence is SEQ ID NO:42. Insome embodiments, the reference sequence is SEQ ID NO:130.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide having theamino acid sequence identity to a reference sequence as described abovecomprises the features X40R and X206L.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase comprises an aminoacid sequence having the features X40R and X206L and one or more residuedifferences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X7S; X17M; X17Q;X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X60I; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M;X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L; X147I;X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M;X198S; X199H; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I; X249F; X249G; andX249Y.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide having theamino acid sequence identity to a reference sequence as described abovecomprises the features X40R and X206F and one or more residuedifferences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X7S; X17M; X17Q;X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X60I; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M;X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L; X147I;X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M;X198S; X199H; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I; X249F; X249G; andX249Y.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide having theamino acid sequence identity to a reference sequence as described abovecomprises the features X40R and X206F, and one or more residuedifferences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X7S; X17M; X17Q;X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L;X96Y; X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y;X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X208R;X216R; X221S; X243S; X249F; X249G; and X249Y.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide having thefeatures X40R and X206F, and one or more residue differences as comparedto SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G;X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I;X122A; X127R; X131S; X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C;X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S;X249F; X249G; and X249Y can further comprise one or more residuedifferences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X60I, X144V;X145L; and X245I.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase with the features X40Rand X206F and one or more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4selected from: X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X60I; X64V;X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I; X122A;X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L; X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G;X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X208R; X216R; X221S;X243S; X245I; X249F; X249G; and X249Y comprises an amino acid sequenceselected from SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40,42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86,88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116,118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144,146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase comprises an aminoacid sequence having the features X40R and X206F or L and at least oneor more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from:X17Q/R/M; X64V; X94P; X144V; X147Q/I/L; X157C; and X196M. In someembodiments, the engineered ketoreductase comprises an amino acidsequence having the features X40R and X206F/L and at least X17Q. In someembodiments, the engineered ketoreductase comprises an amino acidsequence having the features X40R and X206F/L and at least X64V. In someembodiments, the engineered ketoreductase comprises an amino acidsequence having the features X40R and X206F/L and at least X94P. In someembodiments, the engineered ketoreductase comprises an amino acidsequence having the features X40R and X206F/L and at least X144V. Insome embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase comprises an amino acidsequence having the features X40R and X206F/L and at least X147I. Insome embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase comprises an amino acidsequence having the features X40R and X206F/L and at least X157C. Insome embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase comprises an amino acidsequence having the features X40R and X206F/L and at least X196M. Ineach of the foregoing embodiments, additional residue differences atother residue positions described herein can be present in theengineered ketoreductase.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase comprises an aminoacid sequence having at least a combination of residues differences ascompared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: (a) X40R, X196M, and X206F/L; (b)X40R, X144V, and X206F/L; (c) X40R, X17H/R/Q, and X206F/L; (d) X40R,X94P, and X206F/L; (e) X40R, X196M, and X206F/L; (f) X40R, X198S, andX206F/L; (g) X40R, X17H/R/Q, X94P and X206F/L; (h) X40R, X71P, X157C andX206F/L; (i) X40R, X94P, X144V, X196M and X206F/L; (j) X17H/R/Q, X40R,X64V, X147I/Q/L, and X206F/L; (k) X17H/R/Q, X40R, X64V, X94P, X144V,X147I/Q/L, X157C, X196M and X206F/L; and (1) X17Q, X40R, X64V, X71P,X94P, X144V, X147I, X157C, X196M, X206F, and X249F.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide is capableof converting the substrate compound (2),tert-butyl(1-oxo-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate, to the productcompound (1), tert-butyl(1-hydroxy-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate, withat least 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 20 fold, 30 fold, 40fold, 50 fold, 100 fold, 200 fold, 500 fold, 1000 fold, 5000 fold, 10000fold or more activity relative to the activity of the referencepolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the engineeredketoreductase polypeptide capable of converting the substrate compound(2) to the product compound (1) with at least 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5fold, 10 fold, 20 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, 100 fold, 200 fold,500 fold, 1000 fold, 5000 fold, 10000 fold or more the activity of thereference polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:4 comprises an amino acid sequencehaving the features H40R and X206F or L, and one or more residuedifferences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X60I; X71P; X94P;X94A; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X127R; X144V; X145I; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C;X195A; X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X206F, X216R, X245I, X245F; X249Y;and X249F.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide capable ofconverting the substrate compound (2) to the product compound (1) withat least 10 fold the activity of reference polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:4,as measured under HTP conditions, comprises an amino acid sequenceselected from SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42,44, 50, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86,88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116,118, 120, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142,144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and172.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase is capable ofconverting compound (2) to compound (1) with at least 100 fold theactivity of SEQ ID NO:4 as measured under HTP conditions. In someembodiments, the engineered ketoreductase capable of converting compound(2) to compound (1) with at least 100 fold the activity of SEQ ID NO:4comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 34, 36, 38,40, 42, 44, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156,158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase capable of convertingcompound (2) to compound (1) has increased thermal stability as comparedto the reference polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:4 or 32. In some embodiments,the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide with increased thermostabilitycomprises an amino acid sequence having one or more residue differencesas compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X17Q; X17R; X17W; X64V; X71P;X87L; X94S; X94P; X147Q; X147I; X147L; X157C, X198S; X249Y; and X249F.In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase having increasedthermal stability comprises an amino acid sequence having the featuresH40R and X206F or L, and one or more residue differences as compared toSEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X17Q; X17R; X17W; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94S;X94P; X147Q; X147I; X147L; X157C, X198S; X249Y; and X249F.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides disclosedherein are capable of forming productsyn-tert-butyl(1-hydroxy-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate compounds (1a)and (1c)

in diastereomeric excess ofanti-tert-butyl(1-hydroxy-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate compounds (1b)and (1d). In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptidediastereoselective for product compounds (1a) and (1c) over compounds(1b) and (1d) comprises an amino acid sequence having the features X40Rand 206F or L, and one or more residue differences as compared to SEQ IDNO:4 selected from: X17Q; X64V; X71P; X87L; X147I; X157C; X196M; andX249F.

As noted above, the exemplary engineered ketoreductases indicate thatthe presence of X195G alters diastereoselectivity to favor formation ofproduct compounds (1b) and (1d) over product compounds (1a) and (1c).Accordingly, in some embodiments of the engineered ketoreductasepolypeptides diastereoselective for product compounds (1a) and (1c) overproduct compounds (1b) and (1d), the presence of X195G is disfavored.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptidediastereoselective for product compounds (1a) and (1c) over compounds(1b) and (1d) comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62,64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100,102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128,130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156,158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase is capable of formingproduct compounds (1a) and (1c) in a diastereomeric ratio of at least 50over compounds (1b) and (1d). In some embodiments, the engineeredketoreductase capable of forming product compounds (1a) and (1c) in adiastereomeric ratio of at least 50 over compounds (1b) and (1d)comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22,24, 26, 28, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42 and 44.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductases are capable offorming product compound (1a) in diastereomeric excess over productcompound (1c). The amino acid sequences of ketoreductases withdiastereoselectivity for compound (1a) over compound (1c) have featuressimilar to the engineered ketoreductases having diastereoselectivity forcompounds (1a) and (1c) over compounds (1b) and (1d). Accordingly, insome embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptidediastereoselective for product compound (1a) over compound (1c)comprises an amino acid sequence having the features X40R and 206F or L,and one or more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selectedfrom: X17Q; X64V; X71P; X87L; X147I; X157C; X196M; and X249F.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides capableof forming product compound (1a) in diastereomeric excess over compound(1c) comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 18, 20,22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66,68, 70, 72, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102,104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130,132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158,160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides arecapable of forming product compounds (1b) and (1d) in diastereomericexcess of compounds (1a) and (1c). In some embodiments, the engineeredketoreductase capable of forming product compounds (1b) and (1d) indiastereomeric excess of compounds (1a) and (1c) comprises an amino acidsequence having at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identity to the referencesequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and having the feature X195G.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase capable of formingproduct compounds (1b) and (1d) in diastereomeric excess of compounds(1a) and (1c) comprises an amino acid sequence having the features X40Rand X206F or L, and X195G.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase capable of formingproduct compounds (1b) and (1d) in diastereomeric excess of compounds(1a) and (1c) comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:50 and 74.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase capable of convertingcompound (2) to compound (1) under suitable reaction conditions,comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%,88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identityto one of SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30,32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66,68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100,102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128,130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156,158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172, and the amino acid residuedifferences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 present in any one of SEQ ID NO:6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40,42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76,78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108,110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136,138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164,166, 168, 170 and 172. In some embodiments, residue differences presentin one or more of amino acid sequences selected from SEQ ID NO: 6, 8,10, 12, 14, 16, 46, 48, 50, 52, and 54 are specifically excluded fromthe foregoing embodiments.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductasepolypeptide capable of converting compound (2) to compound (1) undersuitable reaction conditions, comprises an amino acid sequence having atleast 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, or 99% identity to one of SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28,30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74,76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108,110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136,138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164,166, 168, 170 and 172, and the amino acid residue differences ascompared to SEQ ID NO:4 present in any one of SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24,26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70,72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104,106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132,134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160,162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172.

In addition to the residue positions specified above, any of theengineered ketoreductase polypeptides disclosed herein can furthercomprise residue differences relative to the reference polypeptidesequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 at other residue positions, i.e., residuepositions other than X7; X17; X23; X27; X29; X60; X64; X71; X87; X94;X95; X96; X105; X113; X122; X127; X131; X144; X145; X147; X150; X152;X153; X157; X173; X195; X196; X198; X199; X208; X216; X221; X243; X245;and X249. Residue differences at these other residue positions canprovide for additional variations in the amino acid sequence withoutaltering the polypeptide's ability to convert substrate compound (2) toproduct compound (1), in particular with regards to increased activityfor forming compounds (1a) and (1c); diastereoselectivity for productcompounds (1a) and (1c) over compounds (1b) and (1d);diastereoselectivity for product compound (1a) over compound (1c); anddiastereoselectivity for product compounds (1b) and (1d) over compounds(1a) and (1c). Accordingly, in some embodiments, in addition to theamino acid residue differences of any one of the engineeredketoreductase polypeptides selected from SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50,52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86,88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116,118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144,146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172,the sequence can further comprise 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8,1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-18, 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 1-26,1-30, 1-35, 1-40, 1-45, or 1-50 residue differences at other amino acidresidue positions as compared to the SEQ ID NO:4. In some embodiments,the number of amino acid residue differences as compared to thereference sequence can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50residue positions. In some embodiments, the residue differences at otheramino acid residue positions can comprise conservative substitutionsand/or non-conservative substitutions as compared to a referencesequence of the wild-type polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or the engineeredketoreductase polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4.

Amino acid residue differences at other positions relative to thewild-type sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and the effect of these differenceson enzyme function are described for other engineered ketoreductasepolypeptides disclosed in published PCT applications WO2008103248,WO2009029554, WO2009036404, WO2009042984, WO2010027710, WO2010025238,WO2010025287, WO2010025085, WO/2009/046153, WO2011022548; andWO2011/140219; and U.S. provisional application No. 61/475,103, filedApr. 13, 2011; each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more of the amino aciddifferences as compared to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 can also beintroduced into a engineered ketoreductase polypeptide of the presentdisclosure at residue positions selected from X2; X3; X4; X8; X9; X10;X11; X12; X16; X19; X21; X25; X41; X42; X43; X45; X46; X49; X53; X54;X57; X60; X66; X68; X72; X74; X75; X76; X77; X78; X80; X82; X86; X93;X97; X99; X100; X101; X104; X106; X108; X109; X111; X112; X117; X120;X124; X125; X126; X129; X134; X141; X144; X145; X148; X149; X151; X155;X159; X163; X165; X169; X176; X177; X178; X179; X185; X186; X190; X192;X194; X197; X200; X201; X202; X203; X204; X205; X207; X210; X211; X212;X214; X217; X223; X225; X226; X228; X233; X235; X236; X245; X248; X250;and X251. In particular, the choices of amino acid residues at theforgoing positions can be selected from the following; X2A/S; X3Y/N/V;X4C; X8R/N; X9G; X10T; X11V/T/F/L; X12I; X16A/G/V/S; X19V; X21F/R;X25N/R/T; X41V/T; X42G; X43A/I/R; X45G; X46R; X49R; X53D/V; X54A; X57V;X60A/I; X66E; X68V; X72R/E/T; X74L; X75N; X76A/I; X77A; X78D; X80T/V;X82S; X86I; X93S/A/T; X97G/E/L/H/I/M/R/T/V; X99L; X100K; X101G/N; X104M;X106G/D; X108H/N/S/D/K; X109R/E; X111M; X112D; X117S/A/G; X120V; X124Q;X125S; X126V; X129T; X134M; X141V; X144V; X145D/S/L/Q/F/Y/A/M/V/K;X148I; X149F; X151A; X155C; X159T; X163I; X165T/N; X169C; X176V; X177R;X178G; X179F; X185S; X186I; X190A/C/P/H/G/F/N/L/E/IN; X192E/R;X194D/G/N/L/Q/S/R; X197G/E/V/A; X200K/P; X201A/I/L;X202G/I/L/M/W/Y/V/F/N; X203G; X204A/V; X205T/R/V; X207C/I/N/T; X210R;X211R/I/L/T/V; X212S/V; X214T/V; X217F; X223V/G/I; X225V; X226L/T/V;X228A; X233A/G; X235W; X236R; X245I; X248K/R; X250I/Y; and X251T.Guidance on the choice of the amino acid residues at the residuepositions can be found in the cited references.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides engineeredketoreductase polypeptides that comprise a fragment of any of theengineered ketoreductase polypeptides described herein that retains thefunctional activity and/or improved property of that engineeredketoreductase. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present disclosureprovides a polypeptide fragment capable of converting compound (2) tocompound (1) under suitable reaction conditions, wherein the fragmentcomprises at least about 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of a full-lengthamino acid sequence of a engineered ketoreductase polypeptide of thepresent disclosure, such as an exemplary engineered ketoreductasepolypeptide selected from SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22,24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58,60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94,96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124,126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152,154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172, and in particularan exemplary engineered polypeptide selected from SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22,24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68,70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102,104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130,132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158,160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide of thedisclosure can have an amino acid sequence comprising a deletion of anyone of the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides described herein, suchas the exemplary engineered polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48,50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84,86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116,118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144,146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172,and in particular an exemplary engineered polypeptide selected from SEQID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56, 58,60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94,96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124,126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152,154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172. Thus, for each andevery embodiment of the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides of thedisclosure, the amino acid sequence can comprise deletions of one ormore amino acids, 2 or more amino acids, 3 or more amino acids, 4 ormore amino acids, 5 or more amino acids, 6 or more amino acids, 8 ormore amino acids, 10 or more amino acids, 15 or more amino acids, or 20or more amino acids, up to 10% of the total number of amino acids, up to10% of the total number of amino acids, up to 20% of the total number ofamino acids, or up to 30% of the total number of amino acids of theketoreductase polypeptides, where the associated functional activityand/or improved properties of the engineered ketoreductase describedherein is maintained. In some embodiments, the deletions can comprise,1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-15, 1-20, 1-21, 1-22,1-23, 1-24, 1-25, 1-30, 1-35, 1-40, 1-45, or 1-50 amino acid residues.In some embodiments, the number of deletions can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,30, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acid residues. In some embodiments, thedeletions can comprise deletions of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 amino acid residues.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptide of thedisclosure can have an amino acid sequence comprising an insertion ascompared to any one of the engineered ketoreductase polypeptidesdescribed herein, such as the exemplary engineered polypeptides of SEQID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36,38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72,74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106,108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134,136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162,164, 166, 168, 170 and 172, and in particular an exemplary engineeredpolypeptide selected from SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34,36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80,82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112,114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140,142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168,170 and 172. Thus, for each and every embodiment of the ketoreductasepolypeptides of the disclosure, the insertions can comprise one or moreamino acids, 2 or more amino acids, 3 or more amino acids, 4 or moreamino acids, 5 or more amino acids, 6 or more amino acids, 8 or moreamino acids, 10 or more amino acids, 15 or more amino acids, 20 or moreamino acids, 30 or more amino acids, 40 or more amino acids, or 50 ormore amino acids, where the associated functional activity and/orimproved properties of the engineered ketoreductase described herein ismaintained. The insertions can be to amino or carboxy terminus, orinternal portions of the ketoreductase polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an engineeredketoreductase polypeptide capable of converting compound (2) to compound(1) under suitable reaction conditions, which comprises an amino acidsequence having at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10,12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46,48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82,84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114,116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142,144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and172, and in particular an exemplary engineered polypeptide selected fromSEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56,58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92,94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122,124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150,152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172, with theproviso that the amino acid sequence is not identical to (that is, itexcludes) any of the exemplary engineered ketoreductase polypeptidesamino acid sequences disclosed in published PCT applicationsWO2008103248, WO2009029554, WO2009036404, WO2009042984, WO2010027710,WO2010025238, WO2010025287, WO2010025085, WO2009046153, WO2011022548;and WO2011/140219; and U.S. provisional application No. 61/475,103,filed Apr. 13, 2011; each of which is hereby incorporated by referenceherein.

In the above embodiments, the suitable reaction conditions for theengineered polypeptides can be those described in Table 2A, 2B and 2C.Accordingly, in some embodiments, the suitable reaction conditions arethose described for HTP assays, which comprise: 20 or 50 g/L substratecompound (2); 60 μL, 20 μL, or 40 μL cell lysate containing theengineered ketoreductase; 30% or 50% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol; 0.5 g/L or0.1 g/L NADP, 0.2 M borate, pH 9.5 or pH10; an incubation temperature of35° C., 45° C. or 55° C.; and a reaction time of 24 h. Guidance for useof these reaction conditions and the ketoreductase polypeptides areprovided in, among others, Table 2A.

In some embodiments, the suitable reaction conditions are thosedescribed for shake flask powder (SFP) assays, which comprise: 5 g/L or40 g/L compound (2), 5 g/L or 2 g/L of ketoreductase polypeptide; 30% or50% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol; 0.5 or 0.1 g/L NADP; 0.2 M borate, pH 9.5,10 or 10.2; an incubation temperature of 35° C. or 45° C.; and areaction time of 6 h or 24 h. Guidance for use of these reactionconditions and the ketoreductase polypeptides are provided in, amongothers, Table 2B.

In some embodiments, the suitable reaction conditions are thosedescribed for downstream process powder (DSP) assays, which comprise: 40g/L or 100 g/L compound (2), 5 g/L or 1 g/L of ketoreductasepolypeptide; 30% or 50% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol; 0.1 g/L NADP; 0.2 Mborate, pH 9.5 or 10; an incubation temperature of 35° C. or 45° C.; andan reaction time of 22 h to 24 h. Guidance for use of these reactionconditions and the ketoreductase polypeptides are provided in, amongothers, Table 2C.

In some embodiments, the polypeptides of the disclosure can be in theform of fusion polypeptides in which the engineered polypeptides arefused to other polypeptides, such as, by way of example and notlimitation, antibody tags (e.g., myc epitope), purification sequences(e.g., His tags for binding to metals), and cell localization signals(e.g., secretion signals). Thus, the engineered polypeptides describedherein can be used with or without fusions to other polypeptides.

It is to be understood that the engineered ketoreductase polypeptidesdescribed herein are not restricted to the genetically encoded aminoacids. Thus, in addition to the genetically encoded amino acids, thepolypeptides described herein may be comprised, either in whole or inpart, of naturally-occurring and/or synthetic non-encoded amino acids.Certain commonly encountered non-encoded amino acids of which thepolypeptides described herein may be comprised include, but are notlimited to: the D-stereoisomers of the genetically-encoded amino acids;2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dpr); α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib);ε-aminohexanoic acid (Aha); δ-aminovaleric acid (Ava); N-methylglycineor sarcosine (MeGly or Sar); ornithine (Orn); citrulline (Cit);t-butylalanine (Bua); t-butylglycine (Bug); N-methylisoleucine (MeIle);phenylglycine (Phg); cyclohexylalanine (Cha); norleucine (Nle);naphthylalanine (NaI); 2-chlorophenylalanine (Ocf);3-chlorophenylalanine (Mcf); 4-chlorophenylalanine (Pcf);2-fluorophenylalanine (Off); 3-fluorophenylalanine (Mff);4-fluorophenylalanine (Pff); 2-bromophenylalanine (Obf);3-bromophenylalanine (Mbf); 4-bromophenylalanine (Pbf);2-methylphenylalanine (Omf); 3-methylphenylalanine (Mmf);4-methylphenylalanine (Pmf); 2-nitrophenylalanine (Onf);3-nitrophenylalanine (Mnf); 4-nitrophenylalanine (Pnf);2-cyanophenylalanine (Ocf); 3-cyanophenylalanine (Mcf);4-cyanophenylalanine (Pcf); 2-trifluoromethylphenylalanine (Otf);3-trifluoromethylphenylalanine (Mtf); 4-trifluoromethylphenylalanine(Ptf); 4-aminophenylalanine (Paf); 4-iodophenylalanine (Pif);4-aminomethylphenylalanine (Pamf); 2,4-dichlorophenylalanine (Opef);3,4-dichlorophenylalanine (Mpcf); 2,4-difluorophenylalanine (Opff);3,4-difluorophenylalanine (Mpff); pyrid-2-ylalanine (2pAla);pyrid-3-ylalanine (3pAla); pyrid-4-ylalanine (4pAla); naphth-1-ylalanine(1nAla); naphth-2-ylalanine (2nAla); thiazolylalanine (taAla);benzothienylalanine (bAla); thienylalanine (tAla); furylalanine (fAla);homophenylalanine (hPhe); homotyrosine (hTyr); homotryptophan (hTrp);pentafluorophenylalanine (5ff); styrylkalanine (sAla); authrylalanine(aAla); 3,3-diphenylalanine (Dfa); 3-amino-5-phenypentanoic acid (Afp);penicillamine (Pen); 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid(Tic); β-2-thienylalanine (Thi); methionine sulfoxide (Mso);N(w)-nitroarginine (nArg); homolysin (hLys);phosphonomethylphenylalanine (pmPhe); phosphoserine (pSer);phosphothreonine (pThr); homoaspartic acid (hAsp); homoglutamic acid(hGlu); 1-aminocyclopent-(2 or 3)-ene-4 carboxylic acid; pipecolic acid(PA), azetidine-3-carboxylic acid (ACA);1-aminocyclopentane-3-carboxylic acid; allylglycine (aOly);propargylglycine (pgGly); homoalanine (hAla); norvaline (nVal);homoleucine (hLeu), homovaline (hVal); homoisoleucine (blue);homoarginine (hArg); N-acetyl lysine (AcLys); 2,4-diaminobutyric acid(Dbu); 2,3-diaminobutyric acid (Dab); N-methylvaline (MeVal);homocysteine (hCys); homoserine (hSer); hydroxyproline (Hyp) andhomoproline (hPro). Additional non-encoded amino acids of which thepolypeptides described herein may be comprised will be apparent to thoseof skill in the art (see, e.g., the various amino acids provided inFasman, 1989, CRC Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and MolecularBiology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., at pp. 3-70 and the referencescited therein, all of which are incorporated by reference). These aminoacids may be in either the L- or D-configuration.

Those of skill in the art will recognize that amino acids or residuesbearing side chain protecting groups may also comprise the polypeptidesdescribed herein. Non-limiting examples of such protected amino acids,which in this case belong to the aromatic category, include (protectinggroups listed in parentheses), but are not limited to: Arg(tos),Cys(methylbenzyl), Cys (nitropyridinesulfenyl), Glu(δ-benzylester),Gln(xanthyl), Asn(N-δ-xanthyl), His(bom), His(benzyl), His(tos),Lys(fmoc), Lys(tos), Ser(O-benzyl), Thr (O-benzyl) and Tyr(O-benzyl).

Non-encoding amino acids that are conformationally constrained of whichthe polypeptides described herein may be composed include, but are notlimited to, N-methyl amino acids (L-configuration); 1-aminocyclopent-(2or 3)-ene-4-carboxylic acid; pipecolic acid; azetidine-3-carboxylicacid; homoproline (hPro); and 1-aminocyclopentane-3-carboxylic acid.

In some embodiments, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides can beprovided on a solid support, such as a membrane, resin, solid carrier,or other solid phase material. A solid support can be composed oforganic polymers such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene,polyfluoroethylene, polyethyleneoxy, and polyacrylamide, as well asco-polymers and grafts thereof. A solid support can also be inorganic,such as glass, silica, controlled pore glass (CPG), reverse phase silicaor metal, such as gold or platinum. The configuration of a solid supportcan be in the form of beads, spheres, particles, granules, a gel, amembrane or a surface. Surfaces can be planar, substantially planar, ornon-planar. Solid supports can be porous or non-porous, and can haveswelling or non-swelling characteristics. A solid support can beconfigured in the form of a well, depression, or other container,vessel, feature, or location.

In some embodiments, the engineered polypeptides having ketoreductaseactivity of the present disclosure can be immobilized on a solid supportsuch that they retain their improved activity, stereoselectivity, and/orother improved properties relative to the reference polypeptide of SEQID NO: 4. In such embodiments, the immobilized polypeptides canfacilitate the biocatalytic conversion of the substrate of compound (2)or structural analogs thereof to the product of compound (1) orcorresponding structural analogs (e.g., as shown in the processes ofSchemes 1, 2 and 3 described herein), and after the reaction is completeare easily retained (e.g., by retaining beads on which polypeptide isimmobilized) and then reused or recycled in subsequent reactions. Suchimmobilized enzyme processes allow for further efficiency and costreduction. Accordingly, it is further contemplated that any of themethods of using the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides of thepresent disclosure can be carried out using the same engineeredketoreductase polypeptides bound or immobilized on a solid support.

Methods of enzyme immobilization are well-known in the art. Theengineered ketoreductase polypeptide can be bound non-covalently orcovalently. Various methods for conjugation and immobilization ofenzymes to solid supports (e.g., resins, membranes, beads, glass, etc.)are well known in the art and described in e.g.: Yi et al., “Covalentimmobilization of w-transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis JS17 on chitosanbeads,” Process Biochemistry 42(5): 895-898 (May 2007); Martin et al.,“Characterization of free and immobilized (S)-aminotransferase foracetophenone production,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 76(4):843-851 (September 2007); Koszelewski et al., “Immobilization ofω-transaminases by encapsulation in a sol-gel/celite matrix,” Journal ofMolecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 63: 39-44 (April 2010); Truppo et al.,“Development of an Improved Immobilized CAL-B for the EnzymaticResolution of a Key Intermediate to Odanacatib,” Organic ProcessResearch & Development, published online. dx.doi.org/10.1021/op200157c;Hermanson, G. T., Bioconjugate Techniques, Second Edition, AcademicPress (2008); Mateo et al., “Epoxy sepabeads: a novel epoxy support forstabilization of industrial enzymes via very intense multipoint covalentattachment,” Biotechnology Progress 18(3): 629-34 (2002); andBioconjugation Protocols: Strategies and Methods, In Methods inMolecular Biology, C. M. Niemeyer ed., Humana Press (2004); thedisclosures of each which are incorporated by reference herein. Solidsupports useful for immobilizing the engineered ketoreductases of thepresent disclosure include but are not limited to beads or resinscomprising polymethacrylate with epoxide functional groups,polymethacrylate with amino epoxide functional groups, styrene/DVBcopolymer or polymethacrylate with octadecyl functional groups.Exemplary solid supports useful for immobilizing the engineeredketoreductases of the present disclosure include, but are not limitedto, chitosan beads, Eupergit C, and SEPABEADs (Mitsubishi), includingthe following different types of SEPABEAD: EC-EP, EC-HFA/S, EXA252,EXE119 and EXE120.

In some embodiments, the engineered polypeptides can be in variousforms, for example, such as an isolated preparation, as a substantiallypurified enzyme, whole cells transformed with gene(s) encoding theenzyme, and/or as cell extracts and/or lysates of such cells. Theenzymes can be lyophilized, spray-dried, precipitated or be in the formof a crude paste, as further discussed below.

In some embodiments, the engineered polypeptides can be provided in theform of kits. The polypeptides in the kits may be present individuallyor as a plurality of polypeptides. The kits can further include reagentsfor carrying out enzymatic reactions, substrates for assessing theactivity of polypeptides, as well as reagents for detecting theproducts. The kits can also include reagent dispensers and instructionsfor use of the kits.

In some embodiments, the polypeptides can be provided on the solidsupport in the form of an array in which the polypeptides are arrangedin positionally distinct locations. The array can be used to test avariety of substrate compounds for conversion by the polypeptides. Aplurality of supports can be configured on an array at variouslocations, addressable for robotic delivery of reagents, or by detectionmethods and/or instruments. Various methods for conjugation tosubstrates, e.g., membranes, beads, glass, etc. are described in, amongothers, Hermanson, G. T., Bioconjugate Techniques, 2^(nd) Edition,Academic Press; (2008), and Bioconjugation Protocols: Strategies andMethods, In Methods in Molecular Biology, C. M. Niemeyer ed., HumanaPress (2004); the disclosures of which are incorporated herein byreference.

In some embodiments, the kits of the present disclosure include arrayscomprising a plurality of different engineered ketoreductasepolypeptides disclosed herein at different addressable position, whereinthe different polypeptides are different variants of a referencesequence each having at least one different improved enzyme property.Such arrays comprising a plurality of engineered polypeptides andmethods of their use are described in WO2009008908.

5.4. Polynucleotides, Expression Vectors, and Host Cells Useful forPreparing Engineered Ketoreductase Polypeptides

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides polynucleotidesencoding the non-naturally occurring ketoreductase polypeptidesdescribed herein. These polynucleotides may be operatively linked to oneor more heterologous regulatory sequences that control gene expressionto create a recombinant polynucleotide capable of expressing theketoreductase polypeptide. Expression constructs containing aheterologous polynucleotide encoding the engineered ketoreductasepolypeptide can be introduced into appropriate host cells to express thecorresponding polypeptide.

As will be apparent to the skilled artisan, availability of a proteinsequence and the knowledge of the codons corresponding to the variousamino acids provide a description of all the polynucleotides capable ofencoding the subject polypeptides. The degeneracy of the genetic code,where the same amino acids are encoded by alternative or synonymouscodons, allows an extremely large number of nucleic acids to be made,all of which encode the improved ketoreductase enzymes. Thus, havingknowledge of a particular amino acid sequence, those skilled in the artcould make any number of different nucleic acids by simply modifying thesequence of one or more codons in a way which does not change the aminoacid sequence of the protein. In this regard, the present disclosurespecifically contemplates each and every possible variation ofpolynucleotides that could be made encoding the polypeptides describedherein by selecting combinations based on the possible codon choices,and all such variations are to be considered specifically disclosed forany polypeptide described herein, including the amino acid sequencespresented in Tables 2A, 2B and 2C, and disclosed in the sequence listingincorporated by reference herein as SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16,18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88,90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118,120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146,148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172, andin particular SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40,42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86,88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116,118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144,146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides can be selected and/orengineered to comprise codons that are preferably selected to fit thehost cell in which the protein is being produced. For example, preferredcodons used in bacteria are used to express the gene in bacteria, e.g.,E. coli; preferred codons used in yeast are used for expression inyeast; and preferred codons used in mammals are used for expression inmammalian cells. Since not all codons need to be replaced to optimizethe codon usage of the ketoreductases (e.g., because the naturalsequence can have preferred codons and use of preferred codons may notbe required for all amino acid residues), codon optimizedpolynucleotides encoding the ketoreductase polypeptides may containpreferred codons at about 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or greater than 90%of codon positions of the full length coding region.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a non-naturallyoccurring polypeptide capable of converting compound (2), or structuralanalogs thereof, to compound (1) or corresponding structural analogs,where the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98%, or 99% identity to a reference sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 4,6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40,42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86,88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116,118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144,146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172,and in particular to a reference sequence selected from 18, 20, 22, 24,26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70,72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104,106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132,134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160,162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes an engineeredketoreductase polypeptide capable of converting compound (2) or astructural analog thereof to compound (1) or corresponding structuralanalog, and having any of the specified sequence identity to any of thereference polypeptides described herein, and comprises one or moreresidue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:2 or 4 at the followingresidue positions: X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X40R; X60I;X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I;X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L; X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G;X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X206F; X206L;X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I; X249F; X249G; and X249Y. As such, insome embodiments, the polynucleotides encode the ketoreductasepolypeptides having any of the specified sequence identity to thereference polypeptides described above and comprising the specifiedresidue differences, including sets of residue differences, as providedin the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a ketoreductasepolypeptide capable of carrying out the conversion of substrate compound(2) to the product compound (1) with at least 1.5 fold the activity ofpolypeptide SEQ ID NO:4, where the polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence having at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identity to the referencesequence SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4, and the features X40R and X206L or F, withthe proviso that when X206 is F, the sequence further comprises one ormore residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X7S;X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X60I; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P;X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L;X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G;X196M; X198S; X199H; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I; X249F; X249G;and X249Y; in particular one or more residue differences as compared toSEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G;X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I;X122A; X127R; X131S; X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C;X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S;X249F; X249G; and X249Y.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a ketoreductasepolypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least acombination or residues differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selectedfrom: (a) X40R, X196M, and X206F/L; (b) X40R, X144V, and X206F/L; (c)X40R, X17H/R/Q, and X206F/L; (d) X40R, X94P, and X206F/L; (e) X40R,X198S, and X206F/L; (f) X40R, X17H/R/Q, X94P and X206F/L; (g) X40R,X71P, X157C and X206F/L; (h) X40R, X94P, X144V, X196M and X206F/L; (i)X17H/R/Q, X40R, X64V, X147I/Q/L, and X206F/L; (j) X17H/R/Q, X40R, X64V,X94P, X144V, X147I/Q/L, X157C, X196M and X206F/L; and (k) X17Q, X40R,X64V, X71P, X94P, X144V, X147I, X157C, X196M, X206F, and X249F.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a ketoreductasepolypeptide capable of forming product compounds (1a) and (1c) indiastereomeric excess of compounds (1b) and (1d). In some embodiments,the polynucleotide encodes a ketoreductase polypeptidediastereoselective for product compounds (1a) and (1c) over productcompounds (1b) and (1d), wherein the ketoreductase polypeptide comprisesan amino acid sequence having the features X40R and 206F or L, and oneor more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from:X17Q; X64V; X71P; X87L; X147I; X157C; X196M; and X249F.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a ketoreductasepolypeptide diastereoselective for product compounds (1a) and (1c) overcompounds (1b) and (1d), wherein the ketoreductase polypeptide comprisesan amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28,30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 76,78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108,110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136,138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164,166, 168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes an engineeredpolypeptide capable of converting substrate compound (2) to productcompound (1) with activity that is at least 1.2 fold, 1.5 fold, 2 fold,3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 20 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, 100fold, 200 fold, 500 fold, 1000 fold, 5000 fold, 10000 fold or moreincreased relative to the activity of the reference polypeptide of SEQID NO: 4, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequencehaving at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to a reference polypeptide selectedfrom any one of SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26,28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72,74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106,108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134,136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162,164, 166, 168, 170 and 172, with the proviso that the amino acidsequence comprises any one of the set of residue differences as comparedto SEQ ID NO: 4 contained in any one of the polypeptide sequences of SEQID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36,38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72,74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106,108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134,136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162,164, 166, 168, 170 and 172, and in particular the polypeptide sequencesof SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44,56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90,92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120,122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148,150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172, as listedin Table 2A, 2B and 2C. As discussed herein, in some embodiments, thereference polypeptide is selected from SEQ ID NO: 4, 14, 36, 42, and130.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the ketoreductasepolypeptide is selected from SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19,21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65,67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101,103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129,131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157,159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 and 171, in particular a polynucleotideselected from SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39,41, 43, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85,87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117,119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145,147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 and 171.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides are capable of hybridizingunder highly stringent conditions to a polynucleotide selected from SEQID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35,37, 39, 41, 43, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81,83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113,115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141,143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 and171, or a complement thereof; in particular a polynucleotide selectedfrom SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43,55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89,91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119,121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147,149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 and 171, or acomplement thereof, where the highly stringently hybridizingpolynucleotides encode a non-naturally occurring polypeptide capable ofconverting compound (2) to compound (1) with at least 1.2 fold, 1.5fold, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 20 fold, 30 fold, 40fold, 50 fold, 100 fold, 200 fold, 500 fold, 1000 fold, 5000 fold, 10000fold or more increased activity relative to the activity of thepolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides are capable of hybridizingunder highly stringent conditions to a polynucleotide encoding apolypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4having the features X40R and X206L or F, with the proviso that when X206is F, the sequence further comprises one or more residue differences ascompared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V;X27L; X29G; X60I; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y;X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L; X147I; X147L; X147Q;X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H;X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I; X249F; X249G; and X249Y; inparticular one or more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4selected from: X7S; X17M; X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X64V; X71P;X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R;X131S; X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A;X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X249F; X249G;and X249Y.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides encode the polypeptidesdescribed herein but have about 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or more sequence identity atthe nucleotide level to a reference polynucleotide encoding theengineered ketoreductase polypeptides described herein. In someembodiments, the reference polynucleotide is selected from SEQ ID NO: 3,5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41,43, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87,89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117,119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145,147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 and 171; inparticular a polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NO: 17, 19, 21, 23, 25,27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71,73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105,107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133,135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161,163, 165, 167, 169 and 171.

An isolated polynucleotide encoding a non-naturally occurringpolypeptide disclosed herein may be manipulated in a variety of ways toprovide for expression of the polypeptide. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotides encoding the polypeptides can be provided as expressionvectors where one or more control sequences is present to regulate theexpression of the polynucleotides and/or polypeptides. Manipulation ofthe isolated polynucleotide prior to its insertion into a vector may bedesirable or necessary depending on the expression vector. Thetechniques for modifying polynucleotides and nucleic acid sequencesutilizing recombinant DNA methods are well known in the art. Guidance isprovided in Sambrook et al., 2001, Molecular Cloning: A LaboratoryManual, 3rd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; and CurrentProtocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel. F. ed., Greene Pub. Associates,1998, updates to 2010.

In some embodiments, the control sequences include among others,promoters, leader sequence, polyadenylation sequence, propeptidesequence, signal peptide sequence, and transcription terminator.Suitable promoters can be selected based on the host cells used.Exemplary bacterial promoters include E. coli lac operon, E. coli trpoperon, bacteriophage λ, Streptomyces coelicolor agarase gene (dagA),Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene (sacB), Bacillus licheniformisalpha-amylase gene (amyL), beta-lactamase gene, and tac promoter;exemplary promoters for filamentous fungal host cells, include promotersobtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucormiehei aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase,Aspergillus niger acid stable alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger orAspergillus awamori glucoamylase (glaA), Rhizomucor miehei lipase,Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease, Aspergillus oryzae those phosphateisomerase, Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase, and Fusarium oxysporumtrypsin-like protease, and mutant, truncated, and hybrid promotersthereof, and exemplary yeast cell promoters can be from the genes forSaccharomyces cerevisiae enolase (ENO-1), Saccharomyces cerevisiaegalactokinase (GAL1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholdehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH2/GAP), andSaccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Other usefulpromoters for yeast host cells are described by Romanos et al., 1992,Yeast 8:423-488.

The control sequence may also be a suitable transcription terminatorsequence, a sequence recognized by a host cell to terminatetranscription. The terminator sequence is operably linked to the 3′terminus of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide. Anyterminator which is functional in the host cell of choice may be used inthe present disclosure. For example, exemplary transcription terminatorsfor filamentous fungal host cells can be obtained from the genes forAspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase,Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Aspergillus nigeralpha-glucosidase, and Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease.Exemplary terminators for yeast host cells can be obtained from thegenes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase, Saccharomyces cerevisiaecytochrome C(CYC1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiaeglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Other useful terminators foryeast host cells are described by Romanos et al., 1992, supra.

In some embodiments, the control sequence may also be a signal peptidecoding region that codes for an amino acid sequence linked to the aminoterminus of a polypeptide and directs the encoded polypeptide into thecell's secretory pathway. The signal sequence typically depends on thetype of host cells being used to express the polypeptide. Effectivesignal peptide coding regions for bacterial host cells are the signalpeptide coding regions obtained from the genes for Bacillus NC1B 11837maltogenic amylase, Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase, Bacilluslicheniformis subtilisin, Bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase,Bacillus stearothermophilus neutral proteases (nprT, nprS, nprM), andBacillus subtilis prsA. Exemplary signal peptide coding regions forfilamentous fungal host cells can be the signal peptide coding regionsobtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillusniger neutral amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Rhizomucor mieheiaspartic proteinase, Humicola insolens cellulase, and Humicolalanuginosa lipase. Useful signal peptides for yeast host cells can befrom the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor andSaccharomyces cerevisiae invertase.

It may also be desirable to add regulatory sequences, which allow theregulated expression of the polypeptide relative to the growth of thehost cell. Examples of regulatory systems are those which cause theexpression of the gene to be turned on or off in response to a chemicalor physical stimulus, including the presence of a regulatory compound.In prokaryotic host cells, suitable regulatory sequences include thelac, tac, and trp operator systems. In yeast host cells, suitableregulatory systems include, as examples, the ADH2 system or GAL1 system.In filamentous fungi, suitable regulatory sequences include the TAKAalpha-amylase promoter, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase promoter, andAspergillus oryzae glucoamylase promoter. Other examples of regulatorysequences are those which allow for gene amplification. In eukaryoticsystems, these include the dihydrofolate reductase gene, which isamplified in the presence of methotrexate, and the metallothioneingenes, which are amplified with heavy metals. In these cases, thenucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide of the present disclosurewould be operably linked with the regulatory sequence.

Other control sequences, such as leader sequences, polyadenylationsequences, and transcription terminator sequences can use thoseavailable in the art (see Sambrook, supra, and Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, supra).

In another aspect, the present disclosure is also directed to arecombinant expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding anengineered ketoreductase polypeptide, and one or more expressionregulating regions such as a promoter and a terminator, a replicationorigin, etc., depending on the type of hosts into which they are to beintroduced. The recombinant expression vector may be any vector (e.g., aplasmid or virus), which can be conveniently subjected to recombinantDNA procedures and can bring about the expression of the polynucleotidesequence. The choice of the vector will typically depend on thecompatibility of the vector with the host cell into which the vector isto be introduced. The vectors may be linear or closed circular plasmids.

The expression vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e., avector that exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication ofwhich is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g., a plasmid, anextrachromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome.The vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication.Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into thehost cell, is integrated into the genome and replicated together withthe chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. The expressionvector preferably contains one or more selectable markers, which permiteasy selection of transformed cells. A selectable marker is a gene theproduct of which provides for biocide or viral resistance, resistance toheavy metals, prototrophy to auxotrophs, resistance to chemical agents(e.g., antibiotics) and the like.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a host cellcomprising a polynucleotide encoding an engineered ketoreductasepolypeptide of the present disclosure, the polynucleotide beingoperatively linked to one or more control sequences for expression ofthe ketoreductase polypeptide in the host cell. Host cells for use inexpressing the ketoreductase polypeptides encoded by the expressionvectors of the present invention are well known in the art and includebut are not limited to, bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Lactobacillus,Streptomyces and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such asyeast cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS, BHK, 293, and Bowes melanomacells; and plant cells. Exemplary host cells are Escherichia coli BL21and W3110.

Appropriate culture mediums and growth conditions for theabove-described host cells are well known in the art. Polynucleotidesfor expression of the ketoreductase may be introduced into host cells byvarious methods known in the art (e.g., electroporation, biolisticparticle bombardment, liposome mediated transfection, calcium chloridetransfection, and protoplast fusion).

In the embodiments herein, the non-naturally occurring, engineeredketoreductase polypeptides and nucleotides encoding such polypeptidescan be prepared using methods commonly used by those skilled in the art.As noted above, the naturally-occurring amino acid sequence andcorresponding polynucleotide encoding the ketoreductase enzyme ofLactobacillus kefir for use in generating engineered ketoreductases areavailable as Genbank Acc. No. AAP94029.1; GI: 33112056. In someembodiments, the parent polynucleotide sequence is codon optimized toenhance expression of the ketoreductase in a specified host cell.

The engineered ketoreductase polypeptides can be obtained by subjectingthe polynucleotide encoding the naturally occurring ketoreductase tomutagenesis and/or directed evolution methods (see, e.g., Stemmer, 1994,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10747-10751; PCT Publ. Nos. WO 95/22625, WO97/0078, WO 97/35966, WO 98/27230, WO 00/42651, and WO 01/75767; U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,537,746; 6,117,679; 6,376,246; and 6,586,182; and U.S. Pat.Publ. Nos. 20080220990A1 and 20090312196A1; each of which is herebyincorporated by reference herein).

Other directed evolution procedures that can be used include, amongothers, staggered extension process (StEP), in vitro recombination (Zhaoet al., 1998, Nat. Biotechnol. 16:258-261), mutagenic PCR (Caldwell etal., 1994, PCR Methods Appl. 3:S136-S140), and cassette mutagenesis(Black et al., 1996, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3525-3529). Mutagenesisand directed evolution techniques useful for the purposes herein arealso described in the following references: Ling, et al., 1997, Anal.Biochem. 254(2):157-78; Dale et al., 1996, Methods Mol. Biol. 57:369-74;Smith, 1985, Ann. Rev. Genet. 19:423-462; Botstein et al., 1985, Science229:1193-1201; Carter, 1986, Biochem. J. 237:1-7; Kramer et al., 1984,Ce1138:879-887; Wells et al., 1985, Gene 34:315-323; Minshull et al.,1999, Curr Opin Chem Biol 3:284-290; Christians et al., 1999, NatureBiotech 17:259-264; Crameri et al., 1998, Nature 391:288-291; Crameri etal., 1997, Nature Biotech 15:436-438; Zhang et al., 1997, Proc Natl AcadSci USA 94:45-4-4509; Crameri et al., 1996, Nature Biotech 14:315-319;and Stemmer, 1994, Nature 370:389-391. All publications are incorporatedherein by reference.

In some embodiments, the clones obtained following mutagenesis treatmentare screened for engineered ketoreductases having a desired enzymeproperty. Measuring ketoreductase enzyme activity from the expressionlibraries can be performed using standard techniques, such as separationof the product (e.g., by HPLC or GC) and detection of the product bymeasuring UV absorbance of the separated substrate and products and/orby detection using tandem mass spectroscopy (e.g., MS/MS). Clonescontaining a polynucleotide encoding the desired engineered polypeptidesare then isolated, sequenced to identify the nucleotide sequence changes(if any), and used to express the enzyme in a host cell. Exemplaryassays are provided below in the Examples.

Where the sequence of the polypeptide is known, the polynucleotidesencoding the enzyme can be prepared by standard solid-phase methods,according to known synthetic methods, e.g., the classicalphosphoramidite method described by Beaucage et al., 1981, Tet Left22:1859-69, or the method described by Matthes et al., 1984, EMBO J.3:801-05. In some embodiments, fragments of up to about 100 bases can beindividually synthesized, then joined (e.g., by enzymatic or chemicallitigation methods, or polymerase mediated methods) to form any desiredcontinuous sequence.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides methods forpreparing or manufacturing the non-naturally occurring polypeptidescapable of converting compound (2) to compound (1), wherein the methodscomprise culturing a host cell capable of expressing a polynucleotideencoding the non-naturally occurring polypeptide under cultureconditions suitable for expression of the polypeptide. In someembodiments, the polypeptides can be expressed in cell free expressionsystems, for example those described in Kudlicki et al., Cell FreeExpression, 1^(st) Ed., Landes Biosciences (2007) and Cell Free ProteinSynthesis: Methods and Protocols, 1^(st) Ed., Spirin et al., eds.,Wiley-VCH (2007), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Insome embodiments, the method for preparing or manufacturing thenon-naturally occurring ketoreductase polypeptide further comprises thestep of isolating the polypeptide. The non-naturally occurringpolypeptides can be expressed in appropriate cells, as described above,and isolated (or recovered) from the host cells, the culture medium,and/or expression medium using any one or more of the well knowntechniques used for protein purification, including, among others,lysozyme treatment, sonication, filtration, salting-out,ultra-centrifugation, and chromatography. Chromatographic techniques forisolation of the ketoreductase polypeptide include, among others,reverse phase chromatography high performance liquid chromatography, ionexchange chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and affinitychromatography.

In some embodiments, the non-naturally occurring polypeptides of thedisclosure can be prepared and used in various forms including but notlimited to crude extracts (e.g., cell-free lysates), powders (e.g.,shake-flask powders), lyophilizates, and substantially pure preparations(e.g., DSP powders), as further illustrated in the Examples below.

In some embodiments, the non-naturally occurring polypeptide can beprepared and used in purified form, for example a substantially purifiedform. Generally, conditions for purifying a particular enzyme willdepend, in part, on factors such as net charge, hydrophobicity,hydrophilicity, molecular weight, molecular shape, etc., and will beapparent to those having skill in the art. To facilitate purification,it is contemplated that in some embodiments the engineered ketoreductasepolypeptides can be expressed as fusion proteins with purification tags,such as His-tags having affinity for metals, or antibody tags forbinding to antibodies, e.g., myc epitope tag.

5.5. Methods of Using the Ketoreductases and Product Compounds

In another aspect, the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides disclosedherein can be used in a process for the conversion of the substratecompound (2), or structural analogs thereof, to the product of compound(1) or the corresponding structural analogs. Generally, structuralanalogs of compound (1) are encompassed within structural formula (I),

wherein

Ar is a 5 to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

each occurrence of R¹ is independently selected from halo, —COOR^(a),—C(O)R^(b), —OR^(b), —SO₂, —SR^(c), —S(O)R^(d), —NR^(e)R^(f),—C(O)NR^(g)R^(h), —NO₂, —CN, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, wherein R^(a), R^(b), R^(c),R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), R^(g), and R^(h) are each independently selectedfrom H and an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl;

R² is selected from an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl,cycloalkylalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl,heterocycloalkylalkenyl, heterocycloalkylalkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl,arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl,heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, andarylsulfinyl;

R³ and R⁴ are, independently of the other, selected from H, anoptionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, arylalkyloxycarbonyl,heteroarylalkyloxycarbonyl, and a protecting group, or one of R³ and R⁴forms an optionally substituted 5 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring withR², and

m is 0 to 10.

In some embodiments, the process for the conversion of the substrate ofcompound (2), or structural analogs thereof, to the product of compound(1) or the corresponding structural analog, can be carried out whereinthe substrate of compound (2) is a deuterated version of the compound(2) (i.e., a molecule having the same structure as compound (2) but withone or more the hydrogen atoms of compound (2) substituted with adeuterium atom). Some examples of deuterated versions of pharmaceuticalcompounds are described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,514, 6,503,921,6,613,739, and 7,705,036. Similarly, the processes for the conversion ofa structural analog described herein, including the conversion of thevarious compounds of formula (II) to the corresponding compounds offormula (I) described below can be carried out using deuterated versionsof these compounds.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for the preparation of acompound of formula (I) comprises contacting a compound of formula (II),

wherein

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and m are as defined above,

with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide disclosed herein inpresence of cofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments of the process, Ar is a 5 to 7-membered aryl orheteroaryl group. In some embodiments, Ar is selected from thienyl,phenyl, and pyridyl.

In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, R′ ishalo, in particular bromine or fluorine. In some embodiments, the halogroup is fluorine.

In some embodiments of the process, the product compound of formula (I)comprises the compound of formula (Ia),

wherein

Ar, R¹, R⁴ and m are as defined above;

R⁵ is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl,heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl,and heteroarylalkyl.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing the compoundof formula (Ia) comprises contacting the substrate compound of formula(IIa),

wherein Ar, R¹, R⁴, R⁵ and m are as defined above,

with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide described herein inpresence of cofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments of the process, the product compound of formula (II)comprises the compound of formula (Ib),

wherein

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are each independently selected from H, halo,—COOR^(a), —C(O)R^(b), —OR^(c), —SO₂, —SR^(d), —S(O)R^(e), —NR^(f)R^(g),—C(O)NR^(h)R^(i), —NO₂, —CN, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, wherein R^(a), R^(b), R^(c),R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), R^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) are independently selectedfrom H and an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl;

n is 1 to 4,

R¹¹ is selected from H and an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, andheteroarylalkyl; and

R¹² is selected from H, an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, and a protecting group.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing the productcompound of formula (Ib) comprises contacting the substrate compound offormula (IIb)

wherein

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and n are as defined above,

with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide described herein inpresence of cofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments, R¹¹ of the compound of formula (IIb) comprises anoptionally substituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, n of the compound of formula (IIb) comprises 2, 3or 4.

In some embodiments of the process, the product compound of formula (Ib)comprises compounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3), and the process formsproduct compounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) in diastereomeric excess ofcompounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4),

wherein

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and n are as in defined for formula (Ib).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing the compoundsof formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) in diastereomeric excess of compounds offormula (Ib2) and (Ib4) comprises contacting the substrate compound offormula (IIb)

wherein

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and n are as in defined for formula (Ib);

with an engineered ketoreductase with diastereoselectivity for compoundsof formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) over compounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4) inpresence of cofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments of the process, the compound of formula (IIb)comprises a mixture of compounds of formula (IIb1) and (IIb2)

In some embodiments of the process, the compound of formula (IIb)comprises a racemic mixture of compounds of formula (IIb1) and (IIb2).

In some embodiments of the process using compound of formula (IIb), n isselected from 2, 3 or 4. In some embodiments, n is 2. In someembodiments, n is 2 and R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are H.

In some embodiments of the process, the product compound of formula (Ib)comprises compound of formula (Ic)

wherein

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹² are as defined for the compound offormula (Ib).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing the productcompound of formula (Ic) comprises contacting the substrate compound offormula (IIc)

wherein

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹² are as defined for the compound offormula (Ib)

with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide described herein inpresence of cofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments of the process, the product compound of formula (Ib)comprises compounds of formula (Ic1) and (Ic3), and the process formsproduct compounds of formula (Ic1) and (Ic3) in diastereomeric excess ofcompounds of formula (Ic2) and (Ic4),

wherein

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹² are as defined for the compound offormula (Ib).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing the productcompounds of formula (Id) and (Ic3) in diastereomeric excess of thecompounds of formula (Ic2) and (Ic4) comprises contacting the substratecompound of formula (IIc)

wherein

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹² are as defined for the compound offormula (Ib);

with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide having diastereoselectivityfor the product compounds of formula (Ic1) and (Ic3) over the compoundsof formula (Ic2) and (Ic4) in presence of cofactor NADPH or NADH undersuitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments of the process, the compound of formula (IIc)comprises a mixture of compounds of formula (IIc1) and (IIc2),

In some embodiments of the process, the compound of formula (IIb)comprises a racemic mixture of the compounds of formula (IIb1) and(IIb2).

In some embodiments of the process, the product compound of formula (Ib)comprises compound of formula (Id),

wherein

R¹² is as defined for the compound of formula (Ib).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing the productcompound of formula (Id) comprises contacting the substrate compound offormula (IId),

wherein

R¹² is as defined for the compound of formula (Ib);

with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide described herein inpresence of cofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments of the process, the product compound of formula (Ib)comprises compounds of formula (Id1) and (Id3), and the process formsproduct compounds of formula (Idl) and (Id3) in diastereomeric excess ofcompounds of formula (Id2) and (Id4),

wherein R¹² is as defined for the compound of formula (Ib).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing the productcompounds of formula (Id1) and (Id3) in diastereomeric excess ofcompounds of formula (Id2) and (Id4) comprises contacting the substratecompound of formula (IId)

wherein R¹² is as defined for the compound of formula (Ib);

with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide having diastereoselectivityfor the product compounds of formula (Id1) and (Id3) over the compoundsof formula (Id2) (Id4) in presence of cofactor NADPH or NADH undersuitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments of the process, the compound of formula (IId)comprises a mixture of compounds of formula (IId1) and (IId2).

In some embodiments of the process, the compound of formula (IId)comprises a racemic mixture of compounds of formula (IId1) and (IId2).

In some embodiments of the processes for preparing compounds of formula(Ib1) and (Ib3) in diastereomeric excess of the compounds (Ib2) and(Ib4), the compounds of formula (Ic1) and (Ic3) in diastereomeric excessof the compounds (Ic2) and (Ic4) or the compounds of formula (Id1) and(Id3) in diastereomeric excess of the compounds (Id2) and (Id4), thegroup R¹² is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl-butyl,iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R¹² istert-butyl.

In some embodiments, exemplary engineered ketoreductases withdiastereoselectivity for product compounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3)over the product compounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4) include aketoreductase polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selectedfrom SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44,56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92,94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122,124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150,152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments of the processes above, the product compounds offormula (Id1) and (Id3) are formed in diastereomeric ratio of at least50 over compounds of formula (Id2) and (Id4). In some embodiments,exemplary engineered ketoreductases capable of forming product compoundsof formula (Id1) and (Id3) in diastereomeric ratio of at least 50 overcompounds of formula (Id2) and (Id4) include a polypeptide comprising anamino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 32,34, 36, 38, 40, 42 and 44.

In some embodiments the process, the product compound of formula (Ib)comprises compound of formula (Ib1), and the product compound of formula(Ib1) is formed in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Ib3)

wherein,

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and n are as provided above. In someembodiments, n is selected from 2, 3 or 4. In some embodiments, n is 2.In some embodiments, n is 2 and R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are H.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing the compoundof formula (Ib1) in diastereomeric excess of the compound of formula(Ib3) comprises contacting the substrate compound of formula (IIb)

with an engineered ketoreductase diastereoselective for the productcompound of formula (Ib1) over the compound of formula and (Ib3) inpresence of cofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments of the process for preparing the compound of formula(Ib1) in diastereomeric excess of the compound of formula (Ib3), thesubstrate compound (1Ib) comprises a mixture of compounds of formula(IIb1) and (IIb2).

In some embodiments of the above process, the substrate compound (IIb)comprises a racemic mixture of compounds of formula (IIb1) and (IIb2).

In some embodiments of the process, the product compound of formula(Ib1) comprises compound of formula (Ic1), and the compound formula(Ic1) is formed in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Ic3)

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the process for preparing compound offormula (Ic1) in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Ic3)comprises contacting the substrate compound of formula (IIc)

wherein

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² are as defined for the compound offormula (Ib);

with an engineered ketoreductase with an engineered ketoreductasediastereoselective for having diastereoselectivity for the productcompound of formula (Ic1) over the compound of formula (Ic3) in presenceof cofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reactions.

In some embodiments of the process for preparing compound formula (Ic1)in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Ic3), the substratecompound (IIc) comprises a mixture of compounds of formula (IIc1) and(IIc2).

In some embodiments of the above process, the substrate compound (IIc)comprises a racemic mixture of compounds of formula (IIc1) and (IIc2).

In some embodiments of the process, the product compound of formula (Ib)comprises the compound of formula (Id1), and the compound of formula(Id1) is formed in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Id3)

wherein

R¹² is as defined for the compound of formula (Ib).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing the compoundof formula (Id1) in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Id3)comprises contacting the substrate compound of formula (IId)

wherein

R¹² is as defined for the compound of formula (Ib);

with an engineered ketoreductase having diastereoselectivity for theproduct compound of formula (Id1) over the compound of formula (Id3) inpresence of NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.

In some embodiments of the process for preparing the compound of formula(Id1) in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Id3), thecompound of formula (IId) comprises a mixture of substrate compounds offormula (IId1) and (IId2).

In some embodiments of the process, the compound of formula (IId)comprises a racemic mixture of substrate compounds of formula (IId1) and(IId2).

In some embodiments of the above processes for preparing the compound offormula (Ib1) in diastereomeric excess of the compound of formula (Ib3),the compound of formula (Id) in diastereomeric excess of the compound offormula (Ic3), or the compound of formula (Idl) in diastereomeric excessof the compound of formula (Id3), the group R¹² is selected from methyl,ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl.In some embodiments, R¹² is tert-butyl.

In some embodiments, exemplary engineered ketoreductases withdiastereoselectivity for product compounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3)over the compounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4), product compounds offormula (Ic1) and (Ic3) over the compounds of formula (Ic2) and (Ic4),or product compounds of formula (Id1) and (Id3) over the compounds offormula (Id2) and (Id4), include a polypeptide comprising an amino acidsequence selected from 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40,42, 44, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88,90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118,120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146,148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170 and 172.

In some embodiments, the product compounds of the ketoreductase reactioncan be modified to provide other useful intermediates in the synthesisof drug compounds. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the hydroxyl groupof the product compounds can be processed to have a protecting group.Such protected product compounds, include the compounds of formula (I′),(Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), and (Id′) below:

wherein,

Ar, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² are as definedpreviously; and

PG is a protecting group.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing compound (I′),(Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′) or (Id′) can comprise a step of modifying theproduct compound (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), or (Id), respectively, with aprotecting group.

In the above embodiments where a substituent comprises a protectinggroup, the protecting group can be any suitable protecting group for therelevant functional group. For example, an amine protecting group can beselected from, among others, tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc),9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc), trichloroethyl chloroformate(Troc), p-methoxybenzyl carbonyl (Moz), 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl (DMPM),p-methoxybenzyl (Pmb), tosyl (Ts) and carbobenzyloxy (Cbz). A carboxylprotecting group can be selected from, among others, alkyl esters (e.g.,tert-butyl ester), arylalkyl esters (e.g., benzyl ester), silyl ester,and oxazoline. A hydroxyl protecting group can be selected from, amongothers, alkyloxy (e.g., methyl ether), alkyloxyalkyl (e.g.,methoxymethyl ether: MOM), methoxyethoxymethyl ethers (MEM), methylthiomethyl ethers (MTM), benzyloxymethyl ethers (BOM), tetrahydropyranylether (THP), p-methoxybenzyl ethers (PMB), trityl ethers, methoxytritylethers, and silyl ethers (e.g., trimethylsilyl ethers: TMS). Othersuitable protecting groups are described in Wuts and Greene, “Greene'sProtective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” 4^(th) Ed., Wiley Interscience(2006), incorporated herein by reference.

In the embodiments herein and illustrated in the Examples, the presentdisclosure contemplates ranges of suitable reaction conditions that canbe used in the processes, including but not limited to ranges of pH,temperature, buffer, solvent system, substrate loading, mixture ofsubstrate compound stereoisomers, polypeptide loading, cofactor loading,pressure, and reaction time. Further suitable reaction conditions forcarrying out the process for biocatalytic conversion of substratecompounds to product compounds using an engineered ketoreductasepolypeptide described herein can be readily optimized by routineexperimentation that includes, but is not limited to, contacting theengineered ketoreductase polypeptide and substrate compound underexperimental reaction conditions of concentration, pH, temperature,solvent conditions, and detecting the product compound, for example,using the methods described in the Examples provided herein.

Substrate compound in the reaction mixtures can be varied, taking intoconsideration, for example, the desired amount of product compound, theeffect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity, stability ofenzyme under reaction conditions, and the percent conversion ofsubstrate to product. In some embodiments of the processes, the suitablereaction conditions comprise a substrate compound loading concentrationof at least about 1 to about 200 g/L, about 10 g/L to about 200 g/L,about 20 g/L to about 200 g/L, about 40 g/L to about 200 g/L, about 50g/L to about 200 g/L, about 75 g/L to about 200 g/L, about 100 g/L toabout 200 g/L, about 125 g/L to about 200 g/L, about 150 g/L to about200 g/L or about 75 g/L to about 150 g/L. In some embodiments, thesuitable reaction conditions comprise a substrate compound loadingconcentration of at least about 1 g/L, about 10 g/L, about 20 g/L, about40 g/L, about 50 g/L, about 75 g/L, about 100 g/L, about 125 g/L, about150 g/L, about 175 g/L, or about 200 g/L, or even greater. The valuesfor substrate loadings provided herein are based on the molecular weightof compound (2); however it also contemplated that the equivalent molaramounts of various hydrates and salts of compound (2) also can be usedin the process. In addition, substrates compounds covered by compound offormulas (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc), and (IId) can also be used inappropriate amounts, in light of the amounts used for compound (2) andthe relevant solvent conditions.

The improved activity and/or stereoselectivity of the engineeredketoreductase polypeptides disclosed herein provides for processeswherein higher percentage conversion can be achieved with lowerconcentrations of the engineered polypeptide. It also reduces the amountof residual protein that may need to be removed in subsequent steps forpurification of product compound (e.g., compound (1)). In someembodiments of the process, the suitable reaction conditions comprise anengineered ketoreductase polypeptide concentration of about 0.1 to about20 g/L, about 0.1 to about 10 g/L, about 0.5 to about 10 g/L, about 1.0to about 10 g/L, about 0.1 to about 5 g/L, about 0.1 g/L to about 2 g/L,or about 0.1 g/L to about 1.0 g/L. In some embodiments, the suitablereaction conditions comprise an engineered ketoreductase polypeptideconcentration of about 20 g/L or less, about 15 g/L or less, about 10g/L or less, about 5 g/L or less, about 4 g/L or less, about 2 g/L orless, about 1 g/L or less, about 0.5 g/L or less, about 0.2 g/L or less,or about 0.1 g/L.

During the course of the ketoreductase reactions, the pH of the reactionmixture may change. The pH of the reaction mixture may be maintained ata desired pH or within a desired pH range. This may be done by theaddition of an acid or a base, before and/or during the course of thereaction. Alternatively, the pH may be controlled by using a buffer.Accordingly, in some embodiments, the reaction condition comprises abuffer. Suitable buffers to maintain desired pH ranges are known in theart and include, by way of example and not limitation, borate,carbonate, phosphate, triethanolamine buffer, and the like. In someembodiments, the buffer is borate. In some embodiments, the suitablereaction conditions comprise a buffer solution of borate, where theborate concentration is from about 0.01 to about 0.4 M, about 0.05 toabout 0.4 M, about 0.1 to about 0.3 M, or about 0.1 to about 0.2 M. Insome embodiments, the reaction condition comprises a borateconcentration of about 0.01, about 0.02, about 0.03, about 0.04, about0.05, about 0.07, about 0.1, about 0.12, about 0.14, about 0.16, about0.18, about 0.2, about 0.3, or about 0.4 M. In some embodiments, thereaction conditions comprise water as a suitable solvent with no bufferpresent.

In the embodiments of the process, the reaction conditions can comprisea suitable pH. As noted above, the desired pH or desired pH range can bemaintained by use of an acid or base, an appropriate buffer, or acombination of buffering and acid or base addition. The pH of thereaction mixture can be controlled before and/or during the course ofthe reaction. In some embodiments, the suitable reaction conditionscomprise a solution pH of about a pH of about 6 to about 12, a pH orabout 6 to about 11, a pH of about 7 to about 11, a pH of about 7 toabout 10, a pH of about 8 to about 10, a pH of about 9 to about 10, a pHof about 8 to about 9.5, or a pH of about 8 to about 9. In someembodiments, the reaction conditions comprise a solution pH of about 6,a pH of about 6.5, a pH of about 7, a pH of about 7.5, a pH of about 8,a pH of about 8.5, a pH of about 9, a pH of about 9.5, a pH of about 10,a pH of about 10.5, a pH of about 11, a pH of about 11.5, or a pH ofabout 12. A person of ordinary skill in the art can use an appropriatepH or a range of pH by considering, by way of example and notlimitation, stability and activity of the ketoreductase, stability ofsubstrate and product, and stability of the cofactor.

In the embodiments of the processes herein, a suitable temperature canbe used for the reaction conditions, for example, taking intoconsideration the increase in reaction rate at higher temperatures, theactivity of the enzyme during the reaction, and as further describedbelow, increase rate of equilibration (e.g., racemization) of thesubstrate diastereomers for dynamic kinetic resolution reactions. Forexample, the engineered polypeptides of the present disclosure haveincreased stability relative to naturally occurring ketoreductasepolypeptide e.g., the wild type polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, and in someembodiments, the engineered ketoreductase of SEQ ID NO:32, which allowthe engineered polypeptides to be used at higher temperatures forincreased conversion rates and improved substrate solubility in thereaction solution. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the suitablereaction conditions comprise a temperature of about 20° C. to about 60°C., about 25° C. to about 60° C., about 30° C. to about 60° C., about35° C. to about 60° C., about 40° C. to about 60° C., about 45° C. toabout 60° C., about 45° C. to about 55° C., or about 50° C. to about 55°C. In some embodiments, the suitable reaction conditions can comprise anambient temperature (e.g., 25° C.) or a temperature of about 27° C.,about 30° C., about 32° C., about 35° C., about 37° C., about 40° C.,about 45° C., about 50° C., about 55° C. or about 60° C. In someembodiments, the temperature during the enzymatic reaction can bemaintained at a temperature throughout the course of the reaction. Insome embodiments, the temperature during the enzymatic reaction can beadjusted over a temperature profile during the course of the reaction.

Generally, the processes are carried out in a solvent. Suitable solventsinclude water, aqueous buffer solutions, organic solvents, and/orco-solvent systems, which generally comprise aqueous solvents andorganic solvents. Suitable solvents include water, aqueous buffersolutions, organic solvents, and/or co-solvent systems, which generallycomprise aqueous solvents and organic solvents. The aqueous solvent(water or aqueous co-solvent system) may be pH-buffered or unbuffered.In some embodiments, the processes using the engineered ketoreductasepolypeptides are generally carried out in an aqueous co-solvent systemcomprising an organic solvent (e.g., ethanol, isopropyl alcohol (IPA),dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, 1-octanol,heptane, octane, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), toluene, and the like),ionic liquids (e.g., 1-ethyl 4-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate,1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate,1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, and the like). Theorganic solvent component of an aqueous co-solvent system may bemiscible with the aqueous component, providing a single liquid phase, ormay be partly miscible or immiscible with the aqueous component,providing two liquid phases. Exemplary aqueous co-solvent systemscomprises water and one or more organic solvent. In general, an organicsolvent component of an aqueous co-solvent system is selected such thatit does not completely inactivate the ketoreductase enzyme. Appropriateco-solvent systems can be readily identified by measuring the enzymaticactivity of the specified engineered ketoreductase enzyme with a definedsubstrate of interest in the candidate solvent system, utilizing anenzyme activity assay, such as those described herein.

In some embodiments of the process, the suitable reaction conditionscomprise an aqueous co-solvent comprising DMSO at a concentration ofabout 1% to about 50% (v/v), about 1 to about 40% (v/v), about 2% toabout 40% (v/v), about 5% to about 30% (v/v), about 10% to about 30%(v/v), or about 10% to about 20% (v/v). In some embodiments of theprocess, the suitable reaction conditions comprise an aqueous co-solventcomprising DMSO at a concentration of at least about 1%, about 5%, about10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%,about 45%, or about 50% (v/v).

In some embodiments, the processes can be carried out under reactionconditions comprising an aqueous buffer solution, an organic solvent, ora co-solvent system. In some embodiments, the buffer solution is borate,for example, of about 0.025 M to about 0.25 M borate. In someembodiments, the co-solvent system comprises about 95% to about 5% (v/v)of an aqueous buffer solution (e.g., about 0.2 M borate), and about 5%(v/v) to about 95% (v/v) of an organic solvent solution, for example,isopropyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the co-solvent system comprisesabout 30% (v/v) to about 70% (v/v) of an aqueous buffer solution (e.g.,about 0.2 M borate) and about 70% (v/v) to about 30% (v/v) of an organicsolvent solution (e.g., IPA). In some embodiments, the reactionconditions comprise water as a suitable solvent with no buffer present.

In some embodiments, the co-solvent system comprises an aqueous buffersolution and IPA, wherein the IPA concentration is about 5% to about 95%(v/v), about 10% to about 90% (v/v), about 15% to about 90% (v/v), about20% to about 90% (v/v), about 25% to about 80% (v/v), about 25% to about75% (v/v), about 35% to about 75% (v/v), about 45% to about 75% (v/v),about 55% to about 75% (v/v), about 60% to about 70% (v/v), or about 60%to about 65% (v/v). In some embodiments, the IPA concentration is atleast about 25% (v/v), at least about 35% (v/v), at least about 45%(v/v), at least about 55% (v/v), about 60% (v/v), about 65% (v/v), about70% (v/v), about 75% (v/v), about 80%, about 85% (v/v), about 90% (v/v)or about 95% (v/v). In some embodiments, the reaction conditionscomprise a co-solvent system of 0.2 M borate buffer and about 60% (v/v)to about 70% (v/v) IPA. In some embodiments, the reaction conditionscomprise a co-solvent system of about 0.2 M borate buffer and about 90%(v/v) IPA, about 0.2 M borate buffer and about 85% (v/v) IPA, about 0.2M borate buffer and about 80% (v/v) IPA, about 0.2 M borate buffer andabout 75% (v/v) IPA, about 0.2 M borate buffer and about 70% (v/v) IPA,about 0.2 M borate buffer and about 65% (v/v) IPA, about 0.2 M boratebuffer and about 65% (v/v) IPA, about 0.2 M borate buffer and about 60%(v/v) IPA, about 0.2 M borate buffer and about 55% (v/v) IPA, or about0.2 M borate buffer and about 50% (v/v) IPA.

As described above, the process of converting the various substratecompounds to their corresponding product compounds using the engineeringketoreductase polypeptides can take advantage of the equilibration ofthe stereoisomers of the substrate compounds, for example compounds(IIc1) and (IIc2) and the high stereoselectivity of the engineeredketoreductase polypeptides disclosed herein to carry out a dynamickinetic resolution (DKR) dynamic, also referred to as kinetic asymmetrictransformation (DKAT), whereby the amount of a specific stereoisomer orstereoisomers formed is greater than the amount of correspondingstereomeric substrate or substrates, e.g., compound (IIc1) and compound(IIc2), present at the beginning of the reaction.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing productcompound of formula (Ib1) in diastereomeric excess of compound offormula (Ib3),

wherein,

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and n are as defined above for thecompound of formula (Ib);

comprises contacting the substrate compound of formula (IIb)

with an engineered ketoreductase diastereoselective for the productcompounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) over the compounds of formula (Ib2)and (Id4) in presence of cofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reactionconditions for equilibration of substrate compounds of formula (IIb1)and (IIb2)

In some embodiments of the above process, the substrate compound (IIb)comprises a mixture of compounds of formula (IIb1) and (IIb2).

In some embodiments of the above process, the substrate compound (IIb)comprises a racemic mixture of compounds of formula (IIb1) and (IIb2).

In some embodiments of the process, the product compound of formula(Ib1) comprises compound of formula (Ic1), and product compound offormula (Ic1) is formed in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula(Ic3)

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the process for preparing compound offormula (Ic1) in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Ic3)comprises contacting the substrate compound of formula (IIc)

wherein

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² are as defined for the compound offormula (Ib);

with an engineered ketoreductase with an engineered ketoreductasediastereoselective for the product compounds of formula (Ic1) and (Ic3)over the compounds of formula (Ic2) and (Ic4) in presence of cofactorNADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions for equilibration ofsubstrate compounds of formula (IIc1) and (IIc2)

In some embodiments of the above process, the substrate compound (IIc)comprises a mixture of compounds of formula (IIc1) and (IIc2).

In some embodiments of the above process, the substrate compound (IIc)comprises a racemic mixture of compounds of formula (IIc1) and (IIc2).

In some embodiments of the process, the product compound of formula (Ib)comprises the compound of formula (Id1), and product compound of formula(Id1) is formed in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Id3)

wherein

R¹² is as defined for the compound of formula (Ib).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a process for preparing the compoundof formula (Id1) in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Id3)comprises contacting the substrate compound of formula (IId)

with an engineered ketoreductase having diastereoselectivity for theproduct compounds of formula (Id1) and (Id3) over the compounds offormula (Id2) and (Id4) in presence of NADPH or NADH under suitablereaction conditions for equilibration of substrate compounds of formula(IId1) and (IId2)

In some embodiments of the process for preparing the compound of formula(Idl) in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Id3), thecompound of formula (IId) comprises a mixture of substrate compounds offormula (IId1) and (IId2).

In some embodiments of the process for preparing the compound of formula(Idl) in diastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Id3), thecompound of formula (IId) comprises a racemic mixture of substratecompounds of formula (IId1) and (IId2).

Because the equilibration of substrate compounds, e.g., (IIb1) and(IIb2); (IIc1) and (IIc2); or (IId1) and (IId2) in the ketoreductasereaction is favored at conditions of pH 9 or higher and at temperaturesof 45° C. or higher, in some embodiments, the suitable conditions for aDKR or DKAT can comprise a solution pH of at least pH 9, at least 9.5,at least pH 10.0, at least pH 10.5, at least pH 11.0, at least pH 11.5,and a solution temperature of at least 45° C., at least 50° C., at least55° C., at least 60° C., or at least 65° C.

In some embodiments of the above processes, the reaction conditions forequilibration of substrate compounds comprise a pH of about 9 to about12 and a temperature of about 45° C. to about 60° C. In some embodimentsof the above processes, the reaction conditions for equilibration ofsubstrate compounds comprise a pH of about 10 to about 12 and atemperature of about 50° C. to about 65° C.

Generally, the ketoreductase mediated reductions use an electron donor.In some embodiments, the electron donor is a cofactor. Suitablecofactors include, but are not limited to, NADP (nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate), NADPH (the reduced form of NADP), NAD(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADH (the reduced form of NAD⁺).Typically, the reduced form of the cofactor is added to the reactionmixture, and thus in some embodiments, the processes are carried out inpresence of an electron donor selected from NADPH cofactor or NADHcofactor. In some embodiments, the electron donor is NADPH cofactor. Insome embodiments, the process can be carried out wherein the reactionconditions comprise an NADH or NADPH cofactor concentration of about0.01 to about 1 g/L, about 0.03 to about 0.8 g/L, about 0.05 to about0.5 g/L, about 0.1 to about 0.3 g/L, about 0.05 to about 0.2 g/L, orabout 0.1 to about 0.2 g/L. In some embodiments, the process is carriedout under NADH or NADPH cofactor concentration of about 1 g/L, about 0.8g/L, about 0.5 g/L, about 0.3 g/L, about 0.2 g/L, about 0.1 g/L, about0.05 g/L, or about 0.01 g/L.

In some embodiments of the process, an optional cofactor recyclingsystem, also referred to as a cofactor regeneration system, can be usedto regenerate cofactor NADPH/NADH from NADP+/NAD+ produced in theenzymatic reaction. A cofactor regeneration system refers to a set ofreactants that participate in a reaction that reduces the oxidized formof the cofactor (e.g., NADP to NADPH). Cofactors oxidized by thepolypeptide reduction of the keto substrate are regenerated in reducedform by the cofactor regeneration system. Cofactor regeneration systemscomprise a stoichiometric reductant that is a source of reducinghydrogen equivalents and is capable of reducing the oxidized form of thecofactor. The cofactor regeneration system may further comprise acatalyst, for example an enzyme catalyst, which catalyzes the reductionof the oxidized form of the cofactor by the reductant. Cofactorregenerating systems to regenerate NADH or NADPH from NAD⁺ or NADP⁺,respectively, are known in the art and can be used in the methodsdescribed herein.

Suitable exemplary cofactor regeneration systems that may be employedinclude, but are not limited to, glucose and glucose dehydrogenase,formate and formate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate andglucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a secondary (e.g., isopropyl alcohol)alcohol and secondary alcohol dehydrogenase, phosphite and phosphitedehydrogenase, molecular hydrogen and hydrogenase, and the like. Thesesystems may be used in combination with either NADP⁺/NADPH or NAD⁺/NADHas the cofactor. Electrochemical regeneration using hydrogenases mayalso be used as a cofactor regeneration system, for examples, thosedescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,867 and 6,495,023, both of which areincorporated herein by reference. Chemical cofactor regeneration systemscomprising a metal catalyst and a reducing agent (for example, molecularhydrogen or formate) may also be suitable. See, e.g., PCT publication WO2000/053731, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, the cofactor regeneration system comprises glucosedehydrogenase (GDH), which is a NAD⁺ or NADP⁺-dependent enzyme thatcatalyzes the conversion of D-glucose and NAD or NADP to gluconic acidand NADH or NADPH, respectively. Glucose dehydrogenases suitable for usein the practice of the processes herein include naturally occurringglucose dehydrogenases as well as non-naturally occurring glucosedehydrogenases. Naturally occurring glucose dehydrogenase encoding geneshave been reported in the literature, e.g., the Bacillus subtilis 61297GDH gene, B. cereus ATCC 14579 and B. megaterium. Non-naturallyoccurring glucose dehydrogenases generated using, for example,mutagenesis, directed evolution, and the like and are provided in PCTpublication WO 2005/018579, and US publication Nos. 2005/0095619 and2005/0153417. All of these sequences are incorporated herein byreference.

In some embodiments, the cofactor regeneration system comprises aformate dehydrogenase, which is a NAD⁺ or NADP⁺-dependent enzyme thatcatalyzes the conversion of formate and NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ to carbon dioxideand NADH or NADPH, respectively. Formate dehydrogenases suitable for useas cofactor regenerating systems in the ketoreductase reactionsdescribed herein include naturally occurring and non-naturally occurringformate dehydrogenases. Suitable formate dehydrogenases are described inPCT publication WO 2005/018579, incorporated herein by reference.Formate may be provided in the form of a salt, typically an alkali orammonium salt (for example, HCO₂Na, KHCO₂NH₄, and the like), in the formof formic acid, typically aqueous formic acid, or mixtures thereof. Abase or buffer may be used to provide the desired pH.

In some embodiments, the cofactor regenerating system comprises asecondary alcohol dehydrogenase, which is an NAD⁺ or NADP⁺-dependentenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a secondary alcohol and NAD⁺ orNADP⁺ to a ketone and NADH or NADPH, respectively. Secondary alcoholdehydrogenases suitable for use as cofactor regenerating system includenaturally occurring and non-naturally occurring ketoreductases.Naturally occurring secondary alcohol dehydrogenases include knownalcohol dehydrogenases from, by way of example and not limitation,Thermoanerobium brockii, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Lactobacillus kefir,and Lactobacillus brevis, and non-naturally occurring secondary alcoholdehydrogenases include engineered alcohol dehydrogenases derivedtherefrom. In some embodiments, non-naturally occurring ketoreductasesengineered for thermo- and solvent stability can be used. Suchketoreductases are described in the present application and the patentpublications US 20080318295A1; US 20090093031A1; US 20090155863A1; US20090162909A1; US 20090191605A1; US 20100055751A1; WO/2010/025238A2;WO/2010/025287A2; and US 20100062499A1; each of which are incorporatedby reference herein.

As will be apparent from this disclosure, the engineered ketoreductasepolypeptides described herein are capable of converting IPA to acetoneto regenerate the cofactor NADH/NADPH or NAD+/NADP+, respectively. Thus,in some embodiments of the processes for carrying out the conversion ofcompound (2), or structural analogs thereof, to compound (1), or itscorresponding structural analogs, the ketoreductase of the cofactorregeneration system is the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides ofpresent disclosure, and used with a secondary alcohol as a reductant torecycle the NADPH or NADH cofactor in the reaction mixture.

Suitable secondary alcohols useful in cofactor regenerating systemsinclude lower secondary alkanols and aryl-alkyl carbinols. Exemplarylower secondary alcohols include, but are not limited to, isopropanol,2-butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol,3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol, and the like. In some embodiments, the secondaryalcohol is isopropanol (IPA). Suitable aryl-alkyl carbinols includeunsubstituted and substituted 1-arylethanols.

In some embodiments, the processes can be carried out without addingNADPH or NADH cofactor during the reaction and without any other enzymesystems present (e.g., glucose dehydrogenase, or formate dehydrogenase).

In some embodiments, the processes of the disclosure can be carried outwherein no cofactor recycling enzyme is present other than theengineered ketoreductase polypeptide. For example, the reactionconditions can comprise an IPA concentration of about 45-75% (v/v), anNADPH or NADH cofactor loading of about 0.01-0.5 g/L, and wherein nocofactor recycling enzyme is present other than the engineeredketoreductase polypeptide.

In some embodiments where the cofactor recycling system produces avolatile product, such as acetone from isopropanol, the volatile productcan be removed, for example, by sparging the reaction solution with anon-reactive gas or by applying a vacuum to lower the reaction pressureto remove the volatile product present in the gas phase. A non-reactivegas is any gas that does not react with the reaction components. Variousnon-reactive gases include nitrogen and noble gases (e.g., inert gases).In some embodiments, the non-reactive gas is nitrogen gas. For example,acetone formed by oxidation of isopropanol can be removed by spargingthe reaction solution with nitrogen gas or applying a vacuum to thereaction solution and removing the acetone from the gas phase by anacetone trap, such as a condenser or other cold trap.

In the embodiments herein, the ketoreductase polypeptides used in theprocesses and any additional enzymes of the optional cofactorregeneration system may be added to the reaction mixture in the form ofthe purified enzymes, whole cells transformed with gene(s) encoding theenzymes, and/or cell extracts and/or lysates of such cells.

In some embodiments, the gene(s) encoding the ketoreductase polypeptidesand the optional cofactor regeneration enzymes can be transformed intohost cells separately or together into the same host cell for expressionof the enzymes. Whole cells transformed with gene(s) encoding theengineered ketoreductase enzyme and/or the optional cofactorregeneration enzymes, or cell extracts and/or lysates thereof, may beemployed in a variety of different forms, including solid (e.g.,lyophilized, spray-dried, and the like) or semisolid (e.g., a crudepaste). In some embodiments, the transformed cells can be immobilized ona solid support and the conversion reactions carried by contacting theimmobilized cells with the substrate compound.

Generally, the order of addition of reactants (e.g., substrate,cofactor, polypeptide, etc.) is not critical to the processes of thepresent disclosure. The reactants may be added together at the same timeto a solvent (e.g., monophasic solvent, biphasic aqueous co-solventsystem, and the like), or alternatively, some of the reactants may beadded separately, and some together at different time points.

In some embodiments, the processes can be carried out using anycombination of a mixture and reaction conditions disclosed above orelsewhere herein. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the processesdescribed herein comprise the following reaction conditions: (a)engineered ketoreductase polypeptide concentration of about 1 g/L toabout 10 g/L; (b) substrate compound at a loading concentration of about50 g/L to about 200/g/L; (c) NADP(H) concentration of about 0.1 g/L toabout 0.5 g/L; (d) a co-solvent solution of an aqueous buffer and about30% to about 70% (v/v) of IPA; and (e) a temperature of 35° C. to about60° C.

In some embodiments, the processes described herein comprise thefollowing reaction conditions: (a) engineered ketoreductase polypeptideconcentration of about 0.1 g/L to about 1 g/L; (b) substrate compound ata loading concentration of about 5 g/L to about 50 g/L; (c) NADP(H)concentration of about 0.01 g/L to about 0.1 g/L; (d) a co-solventsolution of an aqueous buffer, and about 30% to about 70% (v/v) of IPA;and (e) a temperature of about 30° C. to about 45° C.

In some embodiments, in the process for the conversion of substratecompound (2) to product compound (1), compound (2) is at a loading ofabout 50 g/L to about 200 g/L and the process results in at least about91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater conversion ofcompound (2) to compound (1) in 24 h or less.

In some embodiments, in the process for the conversion of substratecompound (2) to product compound (1a) and (1c), compound (2) is at aloading of about 50 g/L to about 200 g/L and the process results information of compound (1a) and (1c) diastereomeric excess of at leastabout 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater overcompounds (1b) and (1d) in 24 h or less.

In some embodiments, it is also contemplated that the process comprisingthe biocatalytic conversion of substrate compounds to product compoundsusing an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide can further comprisechemical steps of product work-up, extraction, isolation, purification,and/or crystallization, each of which can be carried out under a rangeof conditions.

Methods, techniques, and protocols for extracting, isolating, forming asalt of, purifying, and/or crystallizing the product compounds frombiocatalytic reaction mixtures produced by the above disclosed processesare known to the ordinary artisan and/or accessed through routineexperimentation. Additionally, illustrative methods are provided in theExamples below.

Various features and embodiments of the disclosure are illustrated inthe following representative examples, which are intended to beillustrative, and not limiting.

6. EXAMPLES

Various features and embodiments of the disclosure are illustrated inthe following representative examples, which are intended to beillustrative, and not limiting.

Example 1 Wild-type Ketoreductase Gene Acquisition and Construction ofExpression Vectors

The wild-type ketoreductase gene from L. kefir (SEQ ID NO: 1) wasdesigned for expression in E. coli using standard codon optimization.(Codon-optimization software is reviewed in e.g., “OPTIMIZER: a webserver for optimizing the codon usage of DNA sequences,” Puigbò et al.,Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 July; 35(Web Server issue): W126-31. Epub 2007Apr. 16). Genes were synthesized using oligonucleotides and cloned intoexpression vector pCK110900 (vector depicted as FIG. 3 in US PatentApplication Publication 20060195947, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein) under the control of a lac promoter. The expressionvector also contained the P15a origin of replication and thechloramphenicol resistance gene. Resulting plasmids were transformedinto E. coli W3110 (fhu-) using standard methods. Polynucleotidesencoding the engineered ketoreductase polypeptides were also cloned intovector pCK110900 for expression in E. coli W3110.

The polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:3) encoding the engineered ketoreductasepolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 was obtained by directed evolution of acodon-optimized gene encoding the wild-type ketoreductase ofLactobacillus kefir (Genbank acc. No. AAP94029.1; GI: 33112056). SEQ IDNO: 4 has 11 amino acid residue differences (A94G; S96V; E145F; F147M;L153T; Y190P; L195M; V196L; L199Y; 1226V; and Y249W) relative to thenaturally occurring ketoreductase of SEQ ID NO:2. The polypeptide of SEQID NO: 4 was found to convert compound (2) to compound (1a) and (1c) ina diastereomeric ratio about 25 over compound (1b) and (1d) under SFPreaction conditions (Table 2B) and >100 under DSP reaction conditions(Table 2C) but with low enzymatic activity. The polynucleotide of SEQ IDNO: 3 was used as the starting backbone for subsequent rounds ofevolution to generate engineered ketoreductase with improved properties.Multiple rounds of directed evolution of the gene encoding SEQ ID NO: 4(i.e., SEQ ID NO: 3) were carried out. Each round used the gene encodingthe most improved engineered polypeptide from each round as the parent“backbone” sequence for the subsequent round of evolution. The resultingengineered ketoreductase polypeptide sequences and specific mutationsand relative activities are listed in Table 2A, 2B and 2C.

Example 2 Production of Engineered Ketoreductases

The engineered ketoreductase polypeptides were produced in E. coli W3110as an intracellular protein expressed under the control of the lacpromoter. The polypeptide accumulates primarily as a soluble cytosolicactive enzyme. A shake-flask procedure is used to generate engineeredpolypeptide powders that can be used in activity assays or biocatalyticprocess disclosed herein.

Fermentation for shake flask powders. A single microbial colony of E.coli containing a plasmid encoding an engineered ketoreductase ofinterest is inoculated into 50 mL Luria Bertani broth containing 30μg/mlchloramphenicol and 1% glucose. Cells are grown overnight (at least16 hours) in an incubator at 30° C. with shaking at 250 rpm. The cultureis diluted into 250 mL Terrific Broth (12 g/L bacto-tryptone, 24 g/Lyeast extract, 4 mL/L glycerol, 65 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0, 1 mMMgSO₄) containing 30 μg/mlchloramphenicol, in a 1 liter flask to anoptical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.2 and allowed to grow at 30° C.Expression of the ketoreductase gene is induced by addition of isopropylβ-D-thiogalactoside (“IPTG”) to a final concentration of 1 mM when theOD600 of the culture is 0.6 to 0.8. Incubation is then continuedovernight (at least 16 hours). Cells are harvested by centrifugation(5000 rpm, 15 min, 4° C.) and the supernatant discarded.

Production of ketoreductase shake-flask powders: The cell pellet isresuspended with an equal volume of cold (4° C.) 100 mM phosphatebuffer, pH 9.0 (optionally including 2 mM MgSO₄), and harvested bycentrifugation as above. The washed cells are resuspended in two volumesof the cold phosphate buffer and passed through a French Press twice at12,000 psi while maintained at 4° C. Cell debris is removed bycentrifugation (9000 rpm, 45 minutes, 4° C.). The clear lysatesupernatant was collected and stored at −20° C. Lyophilization of frozenclear lysate provides a dry shake-flask powder of crude ketoreductasepolypeptide. Alternatively, the cell pellet (before or after washing)can be stored at 4° C. or −80° C.

Fermentation for production downstream process (DSP) powders.Larger-scale (˜100-120 g) fermentation of the engineered ketoreductasesfor production of DSP powders can be carried out as a short batchfollowed by a fed batch process according to standard bioprocessmethods. Briefly, ketoreductase expression is induced by addition ofIPTG to a final concentration of 1 mM. Following fermentation, the cellsare harvested and resuspended in 100 mM triethanolamine-H₂SO₄ buffer,then mechanically disrupted by homogenization. The cell debris andnucleic acid are flocculated with polyethylenimine (PEI) and thesuspension clarified by centrifugation. The resulting clear supernatantis concentrated using a tangential cross-flow ultrafiltration membraneto remove salts and water. The concentrated and partially purifiedenzyme concentrate can then be dried in a lyophilizer and packaged(e.g., in polyethylene containers).

High-throughput growth & expression. Cells were picked and grown usingstandard KRED protocol for W3110 with direct induction: (1) Mastergrowth—single colonies were picked from agar Q-trays by Q-bot and grownovernight in LB media containing 1% glucose and 30 μg/mL chloramphenicol(CAM), 30° C., 200 rpm, 85% humidity. (2) Subculture-20 μL of overnightgrowth were transferred to a deep well plate containing 380 μL 2xYTgrowth media containing 30 μg/mL CAM, 1 mM IPTG, 1 mM MgSO₄, andincubated for ˜18 h at 30° C., 200 rpm, 85% humidity. Subculture TBmedia was made up of TB media (380 mL/well), 30 μg/mL CAM, 1 mM MgSO₄,and 1 mM IPTG. Cell cultures were centrifuged at 4000 rpm, 4° C. for 10min., and the media discarded. Cell pellets were resuspended in 200-400μL lysis buffer (0.1 M triethanolamine (TEA) buffer, pH 9.0, containing1 mM MgSO₄, 400 μg/mL PMBS and 500 μg/mL Lysozyme).

Example 3 Ketoreductase Activity Assays

HTP Screening Assay. Standard HTP reaction assays were carried out on200 μL reaction volume scales in 96-wells deep well plates (reactionassay blocks). The reaction mixtures in each well typically consistedof: 20 g/L or 50 g/L compound (2); 0.05 g/L NADP+; 30% or 50% isopropylalcohol (IPA); and 10 μL, 20 μL or 60 μL of clear lysates, as furtherspecified in Table 2A.

Reaction Conditions A, B, D, E and G: Reaction condition G was carriedout by adding 2.5 ml of isopropyl alcohol to 500 mg compound (2) in a 20mL vial followed by 2 mL of 0.2 M borate, pH 10.0, containing 1 mMMgSO₄. The resulting mixture was heated to the reaction temperature withstirring for about 15 min. A stock solution of 10 g/L enzyme and 1 g/Lof NADP was prepared fresh in 0.2 M borate, pH 10, containing 1 mMMgSO₄. The stock solution (500 μL) was added to the reaction mixture toinitiate the reaction. The vial was kept tightly closed and the reactionallowed to proceed with stirring (1200 rpm) at the desired temperature.To follow the course of the reaction, 5 μL samples were taken anddiluted into 730 mL of acetonitrile (MeCN). After mixing vigorously, thesuspension was centrifuged briefly to separate insoluble particles. Asample of the clear supernatant was analyzed by HPLC using theconditions described below. The reagents were adjusted for each of theassay conditions A, B, D, E, and G as specified in Tables 2B and 2C.

Reaction Conditions C and F: A premix assay solution was prepared byadding 22.5 mL isopropyl alcohol to 33 mL of 0.2 M boric acid, pH 9,containing 1 mM MgSO₄. The pH of the premix solution was adjusted to10.2 with concentrated HCl. For each experiment, 3.7 mL of freshlyprepared stock solution was placed in a 20 mL screw cap glass vial,tightly closed, and heated to 35° C. with stirring (1200 rpm). After 15min, 250 μL of a 100 g/L stock solution of the enzyme powder in 0.2 Mborate, pH 9, and 50 μL of a 10 g/L NADP stock solution in sterile waterwere added to each vial at 35° C. with stirring (1200 rpm). Immediatelyafter addition of the enzyme and NADP, 1 mL of a 200 g/L stock solutionof compound (2) in isopropyl alcohol was added to initiate the reaction.The vial was tightly closed and the reaction allowed to proceed withstirring (1200 rpm) at 35° C. To follow the course of the reaction, 15μL samples were taken and diluted into 730 μL of acetonitrile (MeCN).After mixing vigorously, the suspension was centrifuged briefly toremove insoluble particles. A sample of the clear supernatant wasanalyzed by HPLC

HPLC Analysis: Samples were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC as follows.

Column: Chiralpak IC (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 m) Temperature: 25° C. Flow rate 1mL/min Mobile Phase: Isocratic 60% Solvent A: 2 mM Ammonium Formate, pH3.5 with formic acid; 40% Solvent B: Acetonitrile Run time 15 minDetection 210 nm

Substrate and product compounds have the following retention times:

Compound (1c)/Compound (1d) 4.8 min Compound (1a) 5.6 min Compound (1b)8.1 min Substrate compounds (2a), (2b), (2c), and (2d)  10 min and 12min

All publications, patents, patent applications and other documents citedin this application are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentireties for all purposes to the same extent as if each individualpublication, patent, patent application or other document wereindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference for all purposes.

While various specific embodiments have been illustrated and described,it will be appreciated that various changes can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention(s).

What is claimed is:
 1. An engineered ketoreductase polypeptide capableof converting substrate compound (2),tert-butyl(1-oxo-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate, to product compound(1), tert-butyl(1-hydroxy-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate,

the ketoreductase polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence havingat least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4 and the features X40R andX206, and wherein the sequence further comprises one or more residuedifferences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X7S; X17M; X17Q;X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X60I; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S; X95M;X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L; X147I;X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G; X196M;X198S; X199H; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I; X249F; X249G; andX249Y.
 2. The engineered ketoreductase polypeptide of claim 1 in whichthe amino acid sequence comprises X40R and X206F, and one or moreresidue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X7S; X17M;X17Q; X17R; X23V; X27L; X29G; X60I; X64V; X71P; X87L; X94A; X94P; X94S;X95M; X96L; X96Y; X105G; X113I; X122A; X127R; X131S; X144V; X145L;X147I; X147L; X147Q; X150Y; X152G; X153G; X157C; X173L; X195A; X195G;X196M; X198S; X199H; X208R; X216R; X221S; X243S; X245I; X249F; X249G;and X249Y.
 3. The engineered ketoreductase polypeptide of claim 1 inwhich the amino acid sequence comprises X40R and X206F, and at least oneor more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from:X17Q/R/M; X64V; X94P; X144V; X147Q/I/L; X157C; and X196M.
 4. Theengineered ketoreductase polypeptide of claim 1 in which the amino acidsequence comprises at least a combination of residue differences ascompared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: (a) X40R, X196M, and X206F; (b)X40R, X144V, and X206F; (c) X40R, X17H/R/Q, and X206F; (d) X40R, X94P,and X206F; (e) X40R, X196M, and X206F; (f) X40R, X198S, and X206F; (g)X40R, X17H/R/Q, X94P and X206F; (h) X40R, X71P, X157C and X206F; (i)X40R, X94P, X144V, X196M and X206F; (j) X17H/R/Q, X40R, X64V, X147I/Q/L,and X206F; (k) X17H/R/Q, X40R, X64V, X94P, X144V, X147I/Q/L, X157C,X196M and X206F; and (l) X17Q, X40R, X64V, X71P, X94P, X144V, X147I,X157C, X196M, X206F, and X249F.
 5. The engineered ketoreductasepolypeptide of claim 1 which is capable of converting the substratecompound (2) to the product compound (1) with at least 10 fold theactivity of the reference polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the aminoacid sequence comprises the features X40R and X206F, and one or moreresidue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X60I;X71P; X94P; X94A; X95M; X96L; X96Y; X127R; X144V; X145I; X150Y; X152G;X153G; X157C; X195A; X195G; X196M; X198S; X199H; X206F, X216R, X245I,X245F; X249Y; and X249F.
 6. The engineered ketoreductase polypeptide ofclaim 1 which has increased thermal stability as compared to thereference polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the amino acid sequencecomprises the features X40R and X206F, and one or more residuedifferences as compared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X17Q; X17R; X17W;X64V; X71P; X87L; X94S; X94P; X147Q; X147I; X147L; X157C, X198S; X249Y;and X249F.
 7. The engineered ketoreductase polypeptide of claim 1 whichis capable of forming productsyn-tert-butyl(1-hydroxy-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate compounds (1a)and (1c)

in diastereomeric excess ofanti-tert-butyl(1-hydroxy-1-phenylhex-5-yn-2-yl)carbamate compounds (1b)and (1d).
 8. The engineered ketoreductase polypeptide of claim 7 inwhich the amino acid sequence comprises or more residue differences ascompared to SEQ ID NO:4 selected from: X17Q; X64V; X71P; X87L; X147I;X157C; X196M; and X249F.
 9. The engineered ketoreductase polypeptide ofclaim 7 which is capable of forming product compounds (1a) and (1c) in adiastereomeric ratio of at least 50 over compounds (1b) and (1d). 10.The engineered ketoreductase polypeptide of claim 1 in which the aminoacid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:
 2. 11. The engineered ketoreductasepolypeptide of claim 1 in which the polypeptide is immobilized on asolid support.
 12. A process for preparing the product compound offormula (I)

wherein Ar is a 5 to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; eachoccurrence of R¹ is independently selected from halo, —COOR^(a),—C(O)R^(b), —OR^(c), —SO₂, —SR^(d), —S(O)R^(e), —NR^(f)R^(g),—C(O)NR^(h)R^(i),—NO₂, —CN, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, wherein R^(a), R^(b), R^(c),R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), R^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) are independently selectedfrom H and an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl; R² is selected from anoptionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl,heterocycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkenyl, heterocycloalkylalkynyl,aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl,heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, andarylsulfinyl; R³ and R⁴ are, independently of the other, selected fromH, an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, arylalkyloxycarbonyl,heteroarylalkyloxycarbonyl, and a protecting group, or one of R³ and R⁴forms an optionally substituted 5 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring withR², and m is 0 to 10; comprising contacting the substrate compound offormula (II),

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and m are as defined above, with an engineeredketoreductase polypeptide of claim 1 in the presence of cofactor NADPHor NADH under suitable reaction conditions.
 13. The process of claim 12in which Ar is a 5 to 7-membered aryl or heteroaryl group.
 14. Theprocess of claim 13 in which Ar is selected from thienyl, phenyl, andpyridyl.
 15. The process of claim 12 in which the product compound offormula (II) comprises the compound of formula (Ib),

wherein R⁶, R⁷, R^(8,), R⁹, and R¹⁰, are each independently selectedfrom H, halo, —COOR^(a), —C(O)R^(b), —OR^(c), —SO₂,—SR^(d), —S(O)R^(e),—NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(h)R^(i), —NO₂, —CN, alkyl, heteroalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl,aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, wherein R^(a), R^(b),R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), R^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) are independentlyselected from H and an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl,aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl; n is 1 to 4, R¹¹ isselected from H and an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, andheteroarylalkyl; and R¹² is selected from H, an optionally substitutedalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl anda protecting group; the process comprising contacting the substratecompound of formula (IIb)

wherein R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and n are as defined above, withan engineered ketoreductase polypeptide, in the presence of cofactorNADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.
 16. The process ofclaim 15 in which R¹¹ is an optionally substituted phenyl.
 17. Theprocess of claim 15 in which the product compound of formula (Ib)comprises compounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) and the process formsproduct compounds of formula (Ib1) and (Ib3) in diastereomeric excess ofcompounds of formula (Ib2) and (Ib4),

wherein R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and n are as in defined claim 15;the process comprising contacting the substrate compound of formula(IIb)

with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide, in the presence ofcofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.
 18. Theprocess of claims 15 in which the substrate compound of formula (IIb)comprises a mixture of compounds of formula (IIb1) and (IIb2)


19. The process of claim 18 in which the mixture comprises a racemicmixture of compounds of formula (IIb1) and (IIb2).
 20. The process ofclaim 15 in which the product compound of formula (Ib) comprisescompound of formula (Id)

wherein R¹² is as defined claim 15; the process comprising contactingthe substrate compound of formula (IId)

with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide, in the presence ofcofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.
 21. Theprocess of claim 15 in which the product compound of formula (Ib)comprises compounds of formula (Id1) and (Id3) and the process formsproduct compounds of formula (Id1) and (Id3) in diastereomeric excess ofcompounds of formula (Id2) and (Id4),

wherein R¹² is as defined in claim 15; the process comprising contactingthe substrate compound of formula (IId)

with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide, in the presence ofcofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.
 22. Theprocess of claim 20 in which the substrate compound of formula (IId)comprises a mixture of compounds of formula (IId1) and (IId2)


23. The process of claim 22 in which the mixture is a racemic mixture ofcompounds of formula (IId1) and (IId2).
 24. The process of claim 15 inwhich R¹² is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, -butyl,iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl.
 25. The process of claim 21 inwhich the product compounds of formula (Id1) and (Id3) are formed in adiastereomeric ratio of at least 50 over compounds of formula (Id2) and(Id4), the process comprising contacting the substrate compound offormula (IId) with an engineered ketoreductase polypeptide, in presenceof the cofactor NADPH or NADH under suitable reaction conditions.
 26. Aprocess for preparing product compound of formula (Ib1) indiastereomeric excess of compound of formula (Ib3),

wherein, R⁶, R⁷, R^(8,), R⁹, and R¹⁰, are each independently selectedfrom H, halo, —COOR^(a), —C(O)R^(b), —OR^(c), —SO₂,—SR^(d), —S(O)R^(e),—NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(h)R^(i), —NO₂, —CN, alkyl, heteroalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl,aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, wherein R^(a), R^(b),R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), R^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) are independentlyselected from H and an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl,aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl; n is 1 to 4; R¹¹ isselected from H or an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, andheteroarylalkyl; and R¹² is selected from H, an optionally substitutedalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and a protectinggroup; the process comprising contacting the substrate compound offormula (IIb)

wherein R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R₁₁, R¹² and n are as defined above, withan engineered ketoreductase of claim 7, in the presence of NADPH or NADHunder suitable reaction conditions for equilibration of substratecompounds of formula (IIb1) and (IIb2)


27. The process of claim 26 in which the substrate compound (IIb)comprises a mixture of compounds of formula (IIb1) and (IIb2).
 28. Theprocess of claim 27 in which the mixture comprises a racemic mixture ofcompounds of formula (IIb1) and (IIb2).
 29. The process of claim 26 inwhich the product compound of formula (Ib1) comprises a compound offormula (Id1), and compound of formula (Id1) is formed in diastereomericexcess of compound of formula (Id3),

the process comprising contacting the substrate compound of formula(IId)

with an engineered ketoreductase in the presence of NADPH or NADH undersuitable reaction conditions for equilibration of substrate compounds offormula (IId1) and (IId2)


30. The process of claim 29 in which the compound of formula (IId)comprises a mixture of substrate compounds of formula (IId1) and (IId2).31. The process of claim 30 in which the mixture comprises a racemicmixture of substrate compounds of formula (IId1) and (IId2).
 32. Theprocess of claim 12 further comprising converting NAD+ or NADP+ to NADHor NADPH with a cofactor regeneration system.
 33. The process of claim32 in which the cofactor regeneration system comprises a ketoreductaseand a secondary alcohol.
 34. The process of claim 33 in which thesecondary alcohol is isopropyl alcohol (IPA).
 35. The process of claim34 further comprising the step of removing acetone formed fromketoreductase-mediated conversion of the IPA to acetone.